Clifford G.Christians,徐佳

• 1:美国伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳分校传播学院
• 2:复旦大学新闻学院传播学系

摘要(Abstract)：

正如康复之于医学、批判思维之于教育一样,阐述真相是传媒业的职业准则,这是全球普遍的理解。在关于国际新闻业伦理规范的浩浩论述中,坦佩雷大学(Juusela,1981;Nordenstreng,1995)的(伦理)规范数据库与托马斯·库珀(Cooper,1989)的比较调查研究均指出,代表客观性和准确性的真实性是最重要的伦理规范。我们在全球范围内开展的关于社会责任的研究显示,在提供公正信息方面,新闻界担负着中心角色(Christians&Nordenstreng,2004)。阐述真相是新闻专业主义的基本核心,这是不争的事实,然而在全球语境下、尤其是技术复杂性日益"歪曲"真实的情况下,"真实"的概念以及新闻的本质都必须被重新定义。

关键词(KeyWords)： 讲真话;专业主义;无蔽

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): Clifford G.Christians,徐佳

DOI: 10.16602/j.gmj.2015.01.008

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• 1 .欲了解20世纪关于“真实”的综合论述,参看Lynch(2001)的汇编。
• 2 .对于非现代主义者而言,希腊语中的“无蔽”是经常采用的一个说法,例如,参见海德格尔“论真实的本质”。马克·林奇(Lynch,2001,2004,2009)正在从事关于真实的最全面的研究,参见其对“无蔽”一词的形容词形式的使用(“无蔽”的多元性、逻辑结果以及理智的普适性,中西哲学研究,2008,pp.122-140)。
• 3 .南非真相与和解委员会正是基于对真实的这种理解成立的。在图图主教的领导下,陈述关于所犯罪行的真相与违背道德的行为是走向和解必要的第一步。当真实被讲述并聆听之时,则会指引人们发现理解人际关系、采取忏悔与原谅行为的新路径。当我们用博爱来理解奥古斯汀关于真实的定义之时,我们便能理解在种族屠杀20周年之后的今天卢旺达的“爱与宽恕行动”的意义了。
• 4 .真实作为铭刻于我们身上的人性,是普遍人性的核心,详述参见“意义的过剩”部分。
• 5 .真实是从人际到虚拟等各种形式的传播现象的伦理标准。因此,对于媒介传播而言,陈述真实是各种不同媒体的专业准则。尽管本文的重点在于新闻,但作为“无蔽”的真实,也同样适用于广告与公关等说服业(此时“无蔽”意味着完全披露)以及娱乐业(此时“无蔽”是一种审美现实主义)。
• 6 .“知识生产”一词的确反映了各学科的学术研究,研究型大学有责任“创造新的知识”。为了描述那些在学术专业体系之外的公共领域中被采集并讨论的信息,希帕·山布哈(Shanbhag,2006)评论了其他一些标签和模式,如“作为自由艺术的信息素养”。
• 7 .“无蔽”是对现代性客观主义的替代;同样,将新闻理解为社会叙事也是反现代性的。故事组织我们的生活经验,通过叙述故事,我们教会彼此如何共同生活。叙事包含在人的信念这一外壳中。我们向彼此讲述那些关于我们的价值观与愿望的故事。通过在生存体验中而非理性个体身上标注道德领域,叙述指向正确的方向。尽管如此,关于日常话语的叙述仍无法自主生成规范准则,因此,我们仍需要那些包含价值观的故事。“无蔽”则建构了一套规范体系,用以甄别好的行为和道德上不被接收的行为(Christians,2010)。
• 8 .传播学研究通常采用“混合方法”的策略,即:不单纯依赖于定性或定量方法中的一种。如此一来,新闻记者在采用这种混合方法之时,需要达到同样的智力标准才能得以实现阐述的充分性。
• 9 .本文显示,“无蔽”并非一种关于真实的对应理论。本文也认定,准则可被植入历史,由此对一致性模式持否定态度。
• 10 .最早指美国和苏联的“冷战”策略,两国分别拥有能毁灭对方的核能力,以此相互威慑。——译者注。
• 11 .Lynch(2004)使用制图方法,驳斥证实主义方法,认为其采用的测量真实的科学方法并不客观(ch.3)。他将证实主义描绘为“任何真实的事物都能被科学所证实的观点”。