生成式人工智能的残障呈现与意识形态再生产Disability Presentation and Ideological Reproduction of Generative Artificial Intelligence
林仲轩,唐嘉闻
摘要(Abstract):
人工智能所带来的不平等问题已被学界广泛讨论,而社会边缘群体在人工智能应用中面临的偏见和不公正问题是其中的重要研究问题之一。本研究聚焦生成式人工智能对残障群体的视觉呈现,探究内嵌于人工智能中的残障意识形态偏见问题。本研究邀请6名残障者共同设计了43个图像场景,并以此为基础让人工智能应用生成了144张可用于分析的有效图像,然后以范·迪克的意识形态批判话语分析为框架,并结合6名残障参与者对图像内容的反馈,对这些图像进行视觉话语分析。研究发现:人工智能生成的残障图像在可见与不可见的悖论中实现了对残障意识形态偏见的再生产,即人工智能残障视觉呈现的可见性背后是更深的不可见问题——肢体残障之外的其他障别者、残障女性、乡村残障者以及低收入残障者等在人工智能时代处于更加不可见或者边缘化的位置。
关键词(KeyWords): 生成式人工智能;残障;批判话语分析;批判残障研究;意识形态
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 林仲轩,唐嘉闻
参考文献(References):
- 常江、田浩(2018):托伊恩·范·迪克:批判话语研究是一种政治立场——新闻、精英话语与意识形态,《新闻界》,第5期,4-10页。
- 陈昌凤、张舒媛(2024):视觉优势?生成式人工智能应用于传播的模态偏向问题,《新闻与写作》第10期,5-14页。
- 国丽芸(2023):残障主题报道的形象塑造和话语建构——基于中国新闻奖获奖作品的分析,《传媒观察》,第S2期,79-81页。
- 何国梅、陶喜红(2022):战时中国共产党形象塑造的视觉话语分析——以《晋察冀画报》为中心,《出版科学》,第30卷第6期,117-125页。
- 何晶(2018):传统主流报纸对农民工“讨薪”事件的媒介呈现分析(2002—2015),《国际新闻界》,第40卷第10期,113-133页。
- 姬德强、蒋效妹(2024):人工智能不平等的社会技术想象——从“元想象”到“不平等的预演”,《新闻界》,第10期,4-15,48页。
- 李明文、柏茹慧(2019):女性媒介形象呈现研究,《当代传播》,第3期,110-112页。
- 李莹、董星(2021):严重精神障碍患者网络媒体形象的建构与精神卫生政策,《社会建设》,第8卷第6期,50-60页。
- 李耘耕(2016):从“批判话语分析(CDA)”到“传播民族志”(EoC)——话语、传播实践与“钟情妄想症”的分析示例,《暨南学报(哲学社会科学版)》,第38卷第9期,100-110,131-132页。
- 林仲轩、杨柳(2021):技术的应许与脆弱不安的生命:残障者的互联网工作实践,《国际新闻界》,第43卷第8期,105-123页。
- 林仲轩、唐嘉闻(2024):作为递进式社会融合的可见性:B站残障UP主的媒介实践,《新闻与传播评论》,第77卷第6期,18-28页。
- 刘伯红、郭砾、辛湲、赵云、郝蕊(2013):中国残障妇女发展困境、利益需求与对策研究,《残疾人研究》,第2期,13-19页。
- 刘海龙(2023):从媒介中介的知识到人工智能中介的知识,《新闻与写作》,第10期,1页。
- 刘涛(2018):图绘“西医的观念”:晚清西医东渐的视觉修辞实践——兼论观念史研究的视觉修辞方法,《新闻与传播研究》,第25卷第11期,45-68,127页。
- 陆晔、赖楚谣(2020):短视频平台上的职业可见性:以抖音为个案,《国际新闻界》,第42卷第6期,23-39页。
- 沈奕斐(2005):《被建构的女性:当代社会性别理论》,上海:上海人民出版社。
- 唐庆鹏(2023):生成式人工智能媒介应用的意识形态风险及防范,《南通大学学报(社会科学版)》,第39卷第6期,13-22页。
- 谢卓潇、蔡聪(2024):人作为计算机的“他者”:验证码人机互动中的能力主义陷阱,《国际新闻界》,第46卷第8期,6-26页。
- 杨宁(2023):残障群体的媒介呈现与形象建构——以短视频平台场域中的残障博主为视角,《郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,第56卷第4期,122-126页。
- 杨先顺、薛凯丽(2024):道德物化视阈下视障者智能手机应用程序的伦理困境审思,《新闻界》,第6期,43-58页。
- 杨向荣(2018):图像的话语深渊——从古希腊和中世纪的视觉文化观谈起,《学术月刊》,第50卷第6期,113-120页。
- 杨锃(2015):残障者的制度与生活:从“个人模式”到“普同模式”,《社会》,第35卷第6期,85-115页。
- 尹连根、刘运来(2021):短视频平台的技术赋权与可见性劳动——基于传播政治经济学考察,《未来传播》,第28卷第6期,41-49,121页。
- 张奎、王秀伟(2024):生成式AI在传统文化传播中的媒介呈现与风险治理,《图书情报知识》,第41卷第4期,98-109页。
- 张学标、严利华(2009):大众传播媒介、公共领域与政治认同,《新闻与传播评论》,57-65,259,265-266页。
- 章玉萍(2021):“随浪逐流”:残障人的媒介生活与数字化生计,《新闻与传播研究》,第28卷第7期,23-41,126页。
- 赵毅衡(2016):《符号学原理与推演》(2版),南京:南京大学出版社。
- 中国残疾人联合会(2021年2月20日):2010年末全国残疾人总数及各类、不同残疾等级人数,获取自https://www.cdpf.org.cn/zwgk/zccx/cjrgk/15e9ac67d 7124f3fb4a23b7e2ac739aa.htm
- Amores,J.J.& Arcila,C.(2019).Deconstructing the symbolic visual frames of refugees and migrants in the main Western European media.In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (pp.911-918).León,Spain:Association for Computing Machinery.doi:10.1145/3362789.3362896.
- Brighenti,A.M.(2010).Visibility in social theory and social research.London:Palgrave Macmillan London.
- Butz,K.(2017).Responses to Dan goodley.In Waldschmidt,A.,Berressem,H.& Ingwersen,M.(Eds.),Culture-theory-disability:Encounters between disability studies and cultural studies (pp.98-102).Leipzig:Deutsche Nationalbibliothek.
- Castelfranchi,C.(2013).Alan turing's “computing machinery and intelligence”.Topoi,32(2),293-299.doi:10.1007/s11245-013-9182-y.
- Charlton,J.I.(1998).Nothing about us without us:Disability oppression and empowerment.Berkeley:University of California Press.
- Clogston,J.S.(1994).Disability coverage in American newspapers.In Nelson,J.A.(Ed.),The disabled,the media,and the information age (pp.45-57).Westport:Greenwood Press.
- Coleman,R.& Banning,S.(2006).Network TV news' affective framing of the presidential candidates:Evidence for a second-level agenda-setting effect through visual framing.Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly,83(2),313-328.doi:10.1177/107769900608300206.
- Davis,L.J.(2002).Bending over backwards:Essays on disability and the body.New York:NYU Press.
- Davis,L.J.(2016).The disability studies reader (5th ed.).New York:Routledge.
- Elsafoury,F.,& Abercrombie,G.(2023).On the origins of bias in NLP through the lens of the Jim Code.arXiv preprint arXiv.Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.09281#
- Finkelstein,V.(1980).Attitudes and disabled people:Issues for discussion.New York:World Rehabilitation Fund.
- Goggin,G.& Newell,C.(2000).Crippling paralympics?Media,disability and olympism.Media International Australia,97(1),71-83.doi:10.1177/1329878X0009700110.
- Goodley,D.(2011).Disability studies:An interdisciplinary introduction.Los Angeles:SAGE.
- Goodley,D.(2013).Dis/entangling critical disability studies.Disability & Society,28(5),631-644.doi:10.1080/09687599.2012.717884.
- Goodley,D.,Lawthom,R.,Liddiard,K.& Runswick-Cole,K.(2021).Key concerns for critical disability studies.International Journal of Disability and Social Justice,1(1),27-49.doi:10.13169/intljofdissocjus.1.1.0027.
- Graber,D.A.(1990).Seeing is remembering:How visuals contribute to learning from television news.Journal of Communication,40(3),134-156.doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02275.x.
- Haller,B.A.(2000).If they limp,they lead?News representations and the hierarchy of disability images.In Braithwaite,D.O.& Thompson,T.L.(Eds.),Handbook of Communication and People with Disabilities (pp.273-288).Mahwah:Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Hughes,B.(2007).Being disabled:Towards a critical social ontology for disability studies.Disability & Society,22(7),673-684.doi:10.1080/09687590701659527.
- Liang,P.P.,Wu,C.,Morency,L.P.& Salakhutdinov,R.(2021).Towards understanding and mitigating social biases in language models.38th International Conference on Machine Learning.
- Liasidou,A.(2014).Critical disability studies and socially just change in higher education.British Journal of Special Education,41(2),120-135.doi:10.1111/1467-8578.12063.
- Lin,Z.X.,Yang,L.& Zhang,Z.A.(2018).To include,or not to include,that is the question:Disability digital inclusion and exclusion in China.New Media & Society,20(12),4436-4452.doi:10.1177/1461444818774866.
- Lin,Z.X.& Yang,L.(2019).‘Me too!’:Individual empowerment of disabled women in the #MeToo movement in China.Disability & Society,34(5),842-847.doi:10.1080/09687599.2019.1596608.
- Lin,Z.X.,Zhang,Z.A.& Yang,L.(2019).Self as enterprise:Digital disability practices of entrepreneurship and employment in the wave of ‘Internet+disability’ in China.Information,Communication & Society,22(4),554-569.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2018.1518470.
- Lin,Z.X.& Yang,L.(2021).Smartphones as actors:A new digital disability care actor-network in China.International Journal of Cultural Studies,24(4),673-688.doi:10.1177/1367877920964475.
- Lin,Z.X.,Tang,J.W.& Hui,H.(2022).Livestreaming:Exploring the obstacles and possibilities of digital usage for people with disabilities.Disability & Society,37(8),1391-1395.doi:10.1080/09687599.2022.2065465.
- Lin,Z.X.& Yang,L.(2023).The performative body of disabled women:Toward the politics of visibility in China.European Journal of Cultural Studies,26(5),642-660.doi:10.1177/13675494221114475.
- Lin,Z.X.,Zhong,Y.F.& Yang,L.(2024).What's in a news image?Framing people with disabilities in the changing society of China.Disability & Society,39(6),1465-1483.doi:10.1080/09687599.2022.2143325.
- McRuer,R.(2003).As good as it gets:Queer theory and critical disability.GLQ:A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies,9(1-2),79-105.doi:10.1215/10642684-9-1-2-79.
- Meekosha,H.& Shuttleworth,R.(2009).What's so ‘critical’ about critical disability studies?Australian Journal of Human Rights,15(1),47-75.doi:10.1080/1323238X.2009.11910861.
- Oliver,M.(1996).Understanding disability:From theory to practice.London:Red Globe Press.doi:10.1007/978-1-349-24269-6.
- Oliver,M.& Barnes,C.(2012).The new politics of disablement (2nd ed.).Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan.
- Oliver,M.,Sapey,B.& Thomas,P.(2012).Social work with disabled people (4th ed.).Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan.
- Oliver,M.(2013).The social model of disability:Thirty years on.Disability & Society,28(7),1024-1026.doi:10.1080/09687599.2013.818773.
- Race,D.(2002).Learning disability:A social approach.London:Routledge.doi:10.4324/9780203865637.
- Shakespeare,T.& Watson,N.(2001).The social model of disability:An outdated ideology?In Barnartt,S.N.& Altman,B.M.(Eds.).Exploring Theories and Expanding Methodologies:Where We are and Where We Need to Go (pp.9-28).Leeds:Emerald Group Publishing Limited.doi:10.1016/S1479-3547(01)80018-X.
- Shuttleworth,R.P.& Kasnitz,D.(2006).Critically engaging disability studies and anthropological research on impairment-disability.In Invited Presentation,School of Psychology,Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine.Melbourne,Australia:Monash University.
- Strand,C.(2019).Navigating precarious visibility:Ugandan sexual minorities on Twitter.Journal of African Media Studies,11(2),229-256.doi:10.1386/jams.11.2.229_1.
- Sun,Z.(2017).Exploiting femininity in a patriarchal postfeminist way:A visual content analysis of Macau's tourism ads.International Journal of Communication,11,2624-2646.
- Taylor,S.(2004).The right not to work:Power and disability.Monthly Review,55(10).Retrieved from https://monthlyreview.org/2004/03/01/the-right-not-to-work-power-anddisability/
- Thompson,J.B.(2005).The new visibility.Theory,Culture & Society,22(6),31-51.doi:10.1177/0263276405059413.
- Uldam,J.(2017).Social media visibility:Challenges to activism.Media,Culture & Society,40(1),41-58.doi:10.1177/0163443717704997.
- Van Dijk,T.A.(2013).Ideology and discourse analysis.In Freeden M.(Ed.),The Meaning of Ideology (pp.110-135).London:Routledge.
- Van Dijk,T.A.(2015).Critical discourse analysis.In Tannen,D.,Hamilton,H.E.& Schiffrin,D.(Eds.),The Handbook of Discourse Analysis (2nd ed.) (pp.466-485).Malden:Wiley.
- Williams,R.(2003).Television:Technology and cultural form (3rd ed.).London:Routledge.doi:10.4324/9780203426647.
- Zola,I.K.(1989).Aging and disability:Toward a unified agenda.Journal of Rehabilitation,55(4),6.