非虚构写作叙事类型探析——以“谷雨奖”与“真实故事计划”获奖作品为例Narrative Types in Nonfiction Writing: Comparing Award-Winning Works between “Guyu Award” and “Truman Story”
马烨
摘要(Abstract):
在数字媒体时代,读者对于新闻叙事的兴趣显著增加,原因在于叙事具有吸引读者并维持读者兴趣的强大能力。非虚构写作具备叙事性特点,成为连接个体与时代、真实与叙事之间的重要形式。数字媒体平台则在推动非虚构写作发展方面扮演着关键角色。本研究以腾讯“谷雨奖”和“真实故事计划”非虚构写作大赛的获奖作品为例,对非虚构写作的叙事类型、风格和边界进行了对比分析,进一步探索了非虚构写作在不同类型数字媒体平台上的发展趋势和特点。通过对这些获奖作品的研究,可以深入了解数字媒体平台上非虚构写作的叙事模式、写作风格以及其创作边界的演变与发展方向。
关键词(KeyWords): 非虚构写作;叙事类型;数字媒体;客观性
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 马烨
参考文献(References):
- 曹炎焱(2017年12月14日):非虚构的春天?真实故事计划百万奖金启动写作大赛,获取自https://www.163.com/news/article/D5KDCABB00018AOR.html
- 常江、王雅韵(2023):作为故事的新闻:观念、实践与数字化,《新闻大学》,第1期,16-27页。
- 邓力(2018):塑造人物与再现偏差——人物类非虚构写作中讽刺修辞的效果及争议,《新闻记者》,第5期,52-61页。
- 邓力(2020):在新闻业的沙上“圈地”:非虚构写作的位置创立与领地扩张,《新闻记者》,第9期,25-36页。
- 董鼎山(1980):所谓“非虚构小说”,《读书》,第4期,133-136页。
- 范以锦、匡骏(2017):新闻领域非虚构写作:新闻文体创新发展的探索,《新闻大学》,第3期,56-61页。
- 谷雨(2019年3月30日):谷雨奖,即刻出发!,获取自https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oiWs3pSagyLxk6sbuyYn2Q
- 郝库(2019年12月25日):公益报道,如何拒绝廉价的感动,获取自https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/_Whp78EkgE2flGuHAEHxFg
- 黄典林(2018):话语范式转型:非虚构新闻叙事兴起的中国语境,《新闻记者》,第5期,35-43页。
- 雷磊(2022):“真实故事计划”:探索非虚构文学的大众化道路,《扬子江文学评论》,第4期,64-66页。
- 刘蒙之、张焕敏(2017):非虚构写作:内涵、特点以及在我国兴起的多维因素,《媒介批评》,第1期,216-224页。
- 刘青松(2019年7月3日):10万+压力下,如何做出好特稿?,获取自https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/zbmyj2JNpQGRcJdYaFVJlw
- 刘蒙之、刘洁(2021):桅杆上的船员:非虚构写作者的职业生涯与工作生活条件叙事,《新闻记者》,第9期,48-64页。
- 刘鸿羽、刘蒙之(2022):非虚构写作是什么?——基于腾讯新闻“谷雨奖”的文体建构分析,《新闻知识》,第10期,9-18页。
- 陆晔(2018):文学新闻:特征、文化价值与技术驱动的未来,《新闻记者》,第5期,71-82页。
- 南帆(2022):非虚构写作:话语规则与效果,《探索与争鸣》,第3期,64-66页。
- 腾讯媒体研究院(2020年9月18日):从找故事开始,谷雨是这样进行非虚构写作的,获取自https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/rWs8YlZaimYq4Ra2SICjqA
- 王建华、宋亭芳(2021):新媒体抗击疫情报道非虚构新闻话语的叙事模式,《现代传播》,第43卷第1期,61-65页。
- 魏雪慧(2022):中国“非虚构”写作大事记(1980—2021),《扬子江文学评论》,第4期,67-73,96页。
- 薛星星(2018年8月9日):押注非虚构写作,一个故事卖出百万,《新京报》。
- 张文东(2011):“非虚构”写作:新的文学可能性?——从《人民文学》的“非虚构”说起,《文艺争鸣》,第3期,43-47页。
- 张捷(2012):南方周末特稿的选题与叙事。见杨瑞春、张捷(编):《南方周末特稿手册》,广州:南方日报出版社。
- 真实故事计划(2018年4月28日):卖了100万元,我们这个故事要拍电影了,获取自https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1598965722707869098&wfr=spider&for=pc
- 周逵、顾小雨(2016):非虚构写作的新闻实践与叙事特点,《新闻与写作》,第12期,83-86页。
- 周逵(2018):默会的方法:非虚构写作中的民族志方法溯源与实践,《新闻记者》,第5期,44-51。
- Abrahamson,D.(2006).The problem with sources,a source of the problem.Journal of Magazine Media,9(1),1-6.doi:10.1353/jmm.2006.0003.
- Baranauskas,A.J.(2020).Exploring the social construction of crime by neighborhood:News coverage of crime in Boston.Sociological Focus,53(2),156-176.doi:10.1080/00380237.2020.1730280.
- Barone,T.(2008).Creative non-fiction and social research.In Gary Knowles,J.& Cole,A.L.(Eds.),Handbook of the Arts in Qualitative Research:Perspectives,Methodologies,Examples,and Issues (pp.105-115).Los Angeles:Sage.
- Boynton,R.(2005).The new new journalism:Conversations with America's best nonfiction writers on their craft.New York:Vintage.
- Broersma,M.J.(2007).Form,style and journalistic strategies:An introduction.In:Broersma,M.J.(Ed.),Form and Style in Journalism:European Newspapers and the Representation of News 1880—2005 (pp.ix-xxxi).Leuven-Paris-Dudley:Peeters.
- Busselle,R.W.,Ryabalova,A.,& Wilson,B.(2004).Ruining a good story:Cultivation,perceived realism and narrative.Communications,29(3),365-378.doi:10.1515/comm.2004.023
- Chaffee,S.H.(1973).Applying the interpersonal perception model to the real world:An introduction.American Behavioral Scientist,16(4),465-468.doi:10.1177/000276427301600401.
- Fakazis,E.(2006).Janet Malcolm:Constructing boundaries of journalism.Journalism,7(1),5-24.doi:10.1177/1464884906059425.
- Farrell,T.B.(1985).Narrative in natural discourse:On conversation and rhetoric.Journal of Communication,35(4),109-127.doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1985.tb02976.x.
- Fisher,W.R.(1985).The narrative paradigm:In the beginning.Journal of Communication,35(4),74-89.doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1985.tb02974.x.
- Forde,K.R.(2007).Discovering the explanatory report in American newspapers.Journalism Practice,1(2),227-244.doi:10.1080/17512780701275531.
- Frank,R.(1999).“You had to be there” (and they weren't):The problem with reporter reconstructions.Journal of Mass Media Ethics,14(3),146-158.doi:10.1207/S15327728JMME1403_2.
- Greenberg,S.(2011).Personal experience,turned outward.Free Associations,(62),151-174.doi:10.1234/fa.v0i62.46.
- Greenberg,S.& Wheelwright,J.(2014).Literary journalism:Ethics in three dimensions.Journalism,15(5),511-516.doi:10.1177/1464884914529210.
- Hartsock,J.C.(2007).“It was a dark and stormy night”:Newspaper reporters rediscover the art of narrative literary journalism and their own epistemological heritage.Prose Studies,29(2),257-284.doi:10.1080/01440350701432853.
- Joseph,S.(2016).Australian literary journalism and “missing voices”—How Helen Garner finally resolves this recurring ethical tension.Journalism Practice,10(6),730-743.doi:10.1080/17512786.2015.1058180
- Kormelink,T.G.& Meijer,I.C.(2015).Truthful or engaging?Surpassing the dilemma of reality versus storytelling in journalism.Digital Journalism,3(2),158-174.doi:10.1080/21670811.2014.1002514.
- Labov,W.& Waletzky,J.(1967).Narrative analysis:Oral versions of personal experience.In Helm,J.& MacNeish,J.H.(Ed.),Essays on the verbal and visual arts (pp.12-44).Seattle:University of Washington Press.
- Landers,J.(2005).The national observer,1962—77:Interpretive journalism pioneer.Journalism History,31(1),13-22.doi:10.1080/00947679.2005.12062668.
- Lang,A.N.(1989).Effects of chronological presentation of information on processing and memory for broadcast news.Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,33(4),441-452.
- Lang,A.N.,Potter,D.& Grabe,M.E.(2003).Making news memorable:Applying theory to the production of local television news.Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,47(1),113-123.doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4701_7.
- Lewis,S.C.(2012).The tension between professional control and open participation:Journalism and its boundaries.Information,Communication & Society,15(6),836-866.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2012.674150.
- Lewis,S.C.(2020).Lack of trust in the news media,institutional weakness,and relational journalism as a potential way forward.Journalism,21(3),345-348.doi:10.1177/1464884918807597.
- Meijer,I.C.(2013).Valuable journalism:A search for quality from the vantage point of the user.Journalism,14(6),754-770.doi:10.1177/1464884912455899.
- Neveu,E.(2014).Revisiting narrative journalism as one of the futures of journalism.Journalism Studies,15(5),533-542.doi:10.1080/1461670X.2014.885683.
- Pauly,J.J.(2014).The new journalism and the struggle for interpretation.Journalism,15(5),589-604.doi:10.1177/1464884914529208.
- Post,S.(2015).Scientific objectivity in journalism?How journalists and academics define objectivity,assess its attainability,and rate its desirability.Journalism,16(6),730-749.doi:10.1177/1464884914541067.
- Potter,W.J.(2014).A critical analysis of cultivation theory.Journal of Communication,64(6),1015-1036.doi:10.1111/jcom.12128.
- Ray,V.(2013).News storytelling in a digital landscape.In:Fowler-Watt,K.& Allan,S.(Eds.),Journalism:New Challenges (pp.435-443).Poole:Bournemouth University.
- Sarbin,T.R.(1986).Narrative psychology:The storied nature of human conduct.New York:Praeger.
- Schudson,M.(1978).Discovering the news:A social history of American newspapers.New York:Basic Books.
- Schudson,M.(2001).The objectivity norm in American journalism.Journalism,2(2),149-170.doi:10.1177/146488490100200201.
- Shim,H.(2014).Narative journalism in the contemporary newsroom:The rise of new paradigm in news format?Narrative Inquiry,24(1),77-95.doi:10.1075/ni.24.1.04shi.
- Simonson,P.(2001).Social noise and segmented rhythms:News,entertainment,and celebrity in the crusade for animal rights.The Communication Review,4(3),399-420.doi:10.1080/10714420109359476.
- Van Krieken,K.& Sanders,J.(2017).Framing narrative journalism as a new genre:A case study of the Netherlands.Journalism,18(10),1364-1380.doi:10.1177/1464884916671156.
- Van Krieken,K.(2019).Literary,long-form,or narrative journalism.In Meier,K.,Vos,T.P.,Hanusch,F.,et al.(Eds.),The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies (pp.1-7).Hoboken:John Wiley & Sons.doi:10.1002/9781118841570.iejs0135.
- Van Krieken,K.& Sanders,J.(2021).What is narrative journalism?A systematic review and an empirical agenda.Journalism,22(6),1393-1412.doi:10.1177/1464884919862056.
- Winfield,B.H.(1987).F.D.R.wins (and loses) journalist friends in the rising age of news interpretation.Journalism Quarterly,64(4),698-706.doi:10.1177/107769908706400403.
- Wise,K.,Bolls,P.,Myers,J.& Sternadori,M.(2009).When words collide online:How writing style and video intensity affect cognitive processing of online news.Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,53(4),532-546.doi:10.1080/08838150903333023.
- Wolfe,T.(1973).The new journalism.In T.Wolfe & W.Johnson (Eds.),The new journalism:With an anthology (pp.1-52).New York:Harper & Row.