道德责任鸿沟的消解——智能媒体算法责任研究The Elimination of the Moral Responsibility Gap: Research on the Moral Responsibility of Algorithmic Media
王娟,汤书昆,秦庆
摘要(Abstract):
当下学界关于算法责任的研究存在两种相对立观点——悲观主义与乐观主义。前者认为,在人与智能媒体共同构成的传媒生态中,责任主体不明,追责困难,存在难以弥合的“责任鸿沟”;后者则提出,建构合适的问责方式可以消解鸿沟。这两种观点均预设了责任鸿沟的存在。然而,通过分析道德责任的四种基本构成与责任鸿沟的主要类型发现,责任鸿沟本质上是一种应该归责的“应然”与实际归责的“实然”之间的“错位”。消除该种错位,可以从三个方面入手:设计层面,建构有意义的人类控制体系,“经纬交错”绘制责任地图;应用层面,采用分布式责任与结构式责任,“总分结合”事后追责;伦理教育层面,实施宏观伦理与微观伦理混合课程,“高低兼容”事前预防。三者共同作用,或能够实现智能媒体的负责任使用。
关键词(KeyWords): 智能媒体;道德责任;算法责任;责任鸿沟
基金项目(Foundation): 2023年安徽省人文社科重点项目“智能传播时代安徽省新型主流媒体舆论引导力提升路径研究”(项目编号:2023AH052076);; 2021年中国科学院办公厅全国招标项目“国内科技创新关键指标和重点数据调研”(项目编号:ZYS-2021-01)的阶段性研究成果
作者(Author): 王娟,汤书昆,秦庆
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- ① 由英国技术哲学家大卫·科林格里奇(David Collingridge)于1980年提出,指的是技术控制的两难困境,即在技术发展初期,如果过早控制,可能会扼杀其成长;而如果介入过晚,技术已成为社会结构中不可分割的一部分时,则难以对其进行有效控制。
- ② 该组织成立于2016年,旨在为来自中低收入国家的算法设计师提供数据科学素养培训(为期两周的住宿式学习)。