陈梁,谭心莹

• 1:清华大学新闻与传播学院
• 2:中国海洋大学文学与新闻传播学院

摘要(Abstract)：

聚焦人工智能技术在现实生活中的应用，各类媒体平台中涌现出了大量人工智能技术相关的新闻报道。本研究设计了一组线上实验(N=382),探索在不同(正面或负面)人工智能新闻事件中，报道的拟人化程度如何影响了受众对于事件责任归因的判断。结果显示，人工智能正面报道的拟人化程度显著提升了受众对于人工智能的心智感知，受众进而倾向于将积极结果归因于人工智能技术。人工智能负面报道的拟人化程度提升了受众对于人工智能的心智感知，但并未显著影响受众的事件归因。此外，在负面报道中，受众的技术焦虑调节了报道拟人化程度对人工智能心智感知的影响。

关键词(KeyWords)： 拟人化;人工智能;心智感知;责任归因;人工智能技术焦虑

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金重点课题“5G时代新闻传播的格局变迁与研究范式转型”（项目编号：21AZD143）的阶段性研究成果

作者(Author): 陈梁,谭心莹

参考文献(References)：

• 观察者网(2019年12月22日):亚马逊智能音箱劝主人自杀：活着会给地球造成负担，获取自https://www.guancha.cn/politics/2019_12_22_529162.shtml
• 刘永谋、王春丽(2023):智能时代的人机关系：走向技术控制的选择论，《全球传媒学刊》,第10卷第3期，5-21页。
• 牟怡、许坤(2018):什么是人机传播?——一个新兴传播学领域之国际视域考察，《江淮论坛》,第2期，149-154页。
• 彭兰(2023):从ChatGPT透视智能传播与人机关系的全景及前景，《新闻大学》,第4期，1-16,119页。
• 人民网(2020年6月24日):精准识别极端情绪，AI客服发出预警救人一命，获取自http://5gcenter.people.cn/n1/2020/0624/c430159-31758123.html
• 向安玲、李亭竹、马明仪(2023):虚拟人社会接受度提升之组态路径研究——基于36个案例的定性比较分析，《新闻与传播评论》,第76卷第2期，26-42页。
• Cavdar Aksoy,N.,Kocak Alan,A.,Tumer Kabadayi,E.& Aksoy,A.(2020).Individuals' intention to use sports wearables:The moderating role of technophobia.International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship,21(2),225-245.doi:10.1108/IJSMS-08-2019-0083.
• Dehnert,M.& Mongeau,P.A.(2022).Persuasion in the age of artificial intelligence (AI):Theories and complications of AI-based persuasion.Human Communication Research,48(3),386-403.doi:10.1093/hcr/hqac006.
• Dietvorst,B.J.,Simmons,J.P.& Massey,C.(2015).Algorithm aversion:People erroneously avoid algorithms after seeing them err.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,144(1),114-126.doi:10.1037/xge0000033.
• Epley,N.,Waytz,A.& Cacioppo,J.T.(2007).On seeing human:A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism.Psychological Review,114(4),864-886.doi:10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.864.
• Fincham,F.D.& Emery,R.E.(1988).Limited mental capacities and perceived control in attribution of responsibility.British Journal of Social Psychology,27(3),193-207.doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1988.tb00819.x.
• Fiske,S.T.& Taylor,S.E.(1991).Social Cognition.New York:McGraw-Hill.
• Gong,L.(2008).How social is social responses to computers?The function of the degree of anthropomorphism in computer representations.Computers in Human Behavior,24(4),1494-1509.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.05.007.
• Gray,K.& Schein,C.(2012).Two minds vs.two philosophies:Mind perception defines morality and dissolves the debate between deontology and utilitarianism.Review of Philosophy and Psychology,3(3),405-423.doi:10.1007/s13164-012-0112-5.
• Guan,X.H.,Gong,J.H.,Li,M.J.& Huan,T.C.(2022).Exploring key factors influencing customer behavioral intention in robot restaurants.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,34(9),3482-3501.doi:10.1108/IJCHM-06-2021-0807.
• Hakli,R.& M?kel?,P.(2019).Moral responsibility of robots and hybrid agents.The Monist,102(2),259-275.doi:10.1093/monist/onz009.
• Hong,J.W.,Cruz,I.& Williams,D.(2021).AI,you can drive my car:How we evaluate human drivers vs.self-driving cars.Computers in Human Behavior,125,106944.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106944.
• Huo,W.W.,Zheng,G.H.,Yan,J.Q.,Sun,L.& Han,L.Y.(2022).Interacting with medical artificial intelligence:Integrating self-responsibility attribution,human-computer trust,and personality.Computers in Human Behavior,132,107253.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107253.
• Jones-Jang,S.M.& Park,Y.J.(2023).How do people react to AI failure?Automation bias,algorithmic aversion,and perceived controllability.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,28(1),zmac029.doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmac029.
• Khasawneh,O.Y.(2018).Technophobia:Examining its hidden factors and defining it.Technology in Society,54,93-100.doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.03.008.
• Kruijff-Korbayová,I.& Kukina,O.(2008).The effect of dialogue system output style variation on users' evaluation judgments and input style.In Proceedings of the 9th SIGdial Workshop on Discourse and Dialogue (pp.190-197).Columbus,OH,USA:Association for Computational Linguistics.doi:10.5555/1622064.1622101.
• Li,J.& Huang,J.S.(2020).Dimensions of artificial intelligence anxiety based on the integrated fear acquisition theory.Technology in Society,63,101410.doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101410.
• Li,X.G.& Sung,Y.(2021).Anthropomorphism brings us closer:The mediating role of psychological distance in User-AI assistant interactions.Computers in Human Behavior,118,106680.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106680.
• Lombard,M.& Xu,K.(2021).Social responses to media technologies in the 21st century:The media are social actors paradigm.Human-Machine Communication,2,29-55.doi:10.30658/hmc.2.2.
• Narayan,B.,Case,D.O.& Edwards,S.L.(2011).The role of information avoidance in everyday-life information behaviors.Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,48(1),1-9.doi:10.1002/meet.2011.14504801085.
• Nass,C.& Steuer,J.(1993).Voices,boxes,and sources of messages:Computers and social actors.Human Communication Research,19(4),504-527.doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00311.x.
• Nass,C.& Moon,Y.(2000).Machines and mindlessness:Social responses to computers.Journal of Social Issues,56(1),81-103.doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153.
• Nguyen,D.& Hekman,E.(2022).The news framing of artificial intelligence:A critical exploration of how media discourses make sense of automation.AI & Society.doi:10.1007/s00146-022-01511-1.
• Nicolas,S.& Agnieszka,W.(2021).The personality of anthropomorphism:How the need for cognition and the need for closure define attitudes and anthropomorphic attributions toward robots.Computers in Human Behavior,122,106841.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106841.
• Shank,D.B.& DeSanti,A.(2018).Attributions of morality and mind to artificial intelligence after real-world moral violations.Computers in Human Behavior,86,401-411.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.014.
• Shank,D.B.,DeSanti,A.& Maninger,T.(2019).When are artificial intelligence versus human agents faulted for wrongdoing?Moral attributions after individual and joint decisions.Information,Communication & Society,22(5),648-663.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2019.1568515.
• Stewart,C.O.(2013).The influence of news frames and science background on attributions about embryonic and adult stem cell research:Frames as heuristic/ biasing cues.Science Communication,35(1),86-114.doi:10.1177/1075547012440517.
• Sundar,S.S.(2020).Rise of machine agency:A framework for studying the psychology of human-AI interaction (HAII).Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,25(1),74-88.doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmz026.
• Tang,S.,Koval,C.Z.,Larrick,R.P.& Harris,L.(2020).The morality of organization versus organized members:Organizations are attributed more control and responsibility for negative outcomes than are equivalent members.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,119(4),901-919.doi:10.1037/pspi0000229.
• Turner Lee.N.(2018).Detecting racial bias in algorithms and machine learning.Journal of Information,Communication and Ethics in Society,16(3),252-260.doi:10.1108/JICES-06-2018-0056.
• Wang,X.J.& Krumhuber,E.G.(2018).Mind perception of robots varies with their economic versus social function.Frontiers in Psychology,9,1230.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01230.
• Waytz,A.,Gray,K.,Epley,N.& Wegner,D.M.(2010).Causes and consequences of mind perception.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,14(8),383-388.doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.05.006.
• Waytz,A.& Norton,M.I.(2014).Botsourcing and outsourcing:Robot,British,Chinese,and German workers are for thinking—not feeling—jobs.Emotion,14(2),434-444.doi:10.1037/a0036054.
• Weiner,B.(2014).The attribution approach to emotion and motivation:History,hypotheses,home runs,headaches/heartaches.Emotion Review,6(4),353-361.doi:10.1177/1754073914534502.