数字时代传播政治经济的新现象与新理论New Phenomena and Theory of the Political Economy of Communication in the Digital Era
姚建华,徐婧
摘要(Abstract):
基于数字技术新媒体的出现对大众传播与社会的互动模式产生了根本性的改变。传播政治经济学关注数字技术在全球社会引发的种种新现象,持续聚焦包括阶级、社会性别和数字劳工在内的诸多经典的政经议题和范畴,同时注重发掘这些议题和范畴在数字时代语境下呈现出新的学术生长点。本文通过对近年来传播政治经济学相关代表论著的文献分析与理论阐释,旨在揭示数字时代的传播政治经济的新现象和新理论,并以此表明传播政治经济学具有的反思性和阐释力。
关键词(KeyWords): 传播政治经济学;新媒体;阶级;社会性别;数字劳工
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 姚建华,徐婧
DOI: 10.16602/j.gmj.20170026
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- (1)知识劳工概念的提出源于丹尼尔·贝尔(Daniel Bell)(1997)对知识阶层日益成为社会领导阶层的判断。在《后工业社会的来临》一书中,他指出:随着知识技术型社会的崛起,尤其是当社会开始依赖于理论信息(theoretical information)的形成与传播的时候,一个新的领导阶层,即有良好教育背景的科技工人所形成的知识阶层正日益凸显其重要性。正是由于对以教育和技能中信息生产与传播为基础的精英制度的重视,知识劳工已经成功转变为当前全球新政治与经济体系中的核心角色。许多传播政治经济学家认同并对这一观点进行不断地补充和完善,例如赫伯特·席勒(Herbert Schiller)、哈里·布雷弗曼(Harry Braverman)、曼纽尔·卡斯特尔斯(Manuel Castells)以及文森特·莫斯可。与产业工人相比,具备专业技能、大多数以中产阶级自居的知识劳工在全球市场中发挥了越来越重要的作用。凯瑟琳·麦克切尔和文森特·莫斯可(2013)(Catherine McKercher)在《信息社会的知识劳工》一书的序言中,对“知识劳工”概念的多个层面有详尽的梳理与厘清。同时,他们指出:知识劳工在总工作岗位中所占的比重不仅在发达国家中稳步上升,在发展中国家更是迅猛增长,同时他们将在全球劳工运动中变得更加活跃。
- (2)有些学者将以服务业和信息业为基础的资本主义称为“数字资本主义”(digital capitalism),参见丹·席勒(2001,2008)(Dan Schiller)的《数字资本主义:全球市场体系的网络化》和《信息拜物教》。
- (3)在科恩看来,不管是对媒介数字劳工进行授权,还是通过在办公室内创造“愉快”的环境来激发员工的创造力和潜能,其目的都是为提高生产效率,进而创造更多的剩余价值——这与延长工作时间等陈旧的方法在本质上并无二致(Cohen,2012)。