智媒研究综述:人工智能在新闻业中的应用及其伦理反思Review of Intelligent Media Research: Application of Artificial Intelligence in Journalism and Its Ethical Reflections
张梦,陈昌凤
摘要(Abstract):
人工智能已嵌入新闻业的全过程中,本研究梳理了国内外与智能媒体相关的文献,发现研究主题主要包含四类:新闻传播实务变革,表现为人工智能在新闻采集、生产、分发和核查等环节的应用及影响;新闻传播学研究范式革新,主要为新闻传播本体论反思及理论创新;伦理争议,包括"非真实""偏见和歧视""低透明度""违背个人信息保护"和"损害个体自主";伦理归责,包括伦理责任主体的区分、归责依据的探讨以及伦理责任体系的构建。本文旨在为智能媒体相关的研究提供知识脉络。
关键词(KeyWords): 人工智能;算法新闻;人机传播;本体论;媒介伦理
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社科基金重大项目“智能时代的信息价值观引领研究”的阶段性成果,项目号:18ZDA307
作者(Author): 张梦,陈昌凤
DOI: 10.16602/j.gmj.20210004
参考文献(References):
- 别君华(2019):智媒传播中的人机融合关系及其实践维度,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》,第41卷第11期,32-36页。
- 比尔·科瓦奇、汤姆·罗森斯蒂尔(2011):《新闻的十大基本原则:新闻从业者须知和公众的期待》(刘海龙,连晓东译),北京:北京大学出版社。
- 陈昌凤、师文(2018a):个性化新闻推荐算法的技术解读与价值探讨,《中国编辑》,第10期,9-14页。
- 陈昌凤、师文(2018b):智能化新闻核查技术:算法、逻辑与局限,《新闻大学》,第6期,42-49,148页。
- 陈昌凤、仇筠茜(2020):“信息茧房”在西方:似是而非的概念与算法的“破茧”求解,《新闻大学》,第1期,1-14页。
- 陈昌凤、石泽(2021):价值嵌入与算法思维:智能时代如何做新闻,《新闻与写作》,第1期,54-59页。
- 陈昌凤、张梦(2020):智能时代的媒介伦理:算法透明度的可行性及其路径分析,《新闻与写作》,第8期,75-83页。
- 耿晓梦、喻国明(2020):智能媒体伦理建构的基点与行动路线图——技术现实、伦理框架与价值调适,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》,第42卷第1期,12-16页。
- 郭小平、秦艺轩(2019):解构智能传播的数据神话:算法偏见的成因与风险治理路径,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》,第41卷第9期,19-24页。
- 何强(2018):从全球首个AI合成主播诞生看媒体融合:媒体应用场景就要AI到底,《中国记者》,第12期,65-66页。
- 何强(2019):人工智能在新闻领域应用的新突破——从全球首个“AI合成主播”谈起,《新闻与写作》,第5期,93-95页。
- 姬德强(2020):深度造假:人工智能时代的视觉政治,《新闻大学》,第7期,1-16,121页。
- 李凌、陈昌凤(2020):信息个人化转向:算法传播的范式革命和价值风险,《南京社会科学》,第10期,101-109页。
- 李仁虎、毛伟(2019):从“AI合成主播”和“媒体大脑”看新华社融合创新发展,《中国记者》,第8期,36-39页。
- 林爱珺、刘运红(2020):智能新闻信息分发中的算法偏见与伦理规制,《新闻大学》,第1期,29-39,125-126页。
- 林升梁、叶立(2019):人机·交往·重塑:作为“第六媒介”的智能机器人,《新闻与传播研究》,第26卷第10期,87-104页。
- 刘海明、付莎莎(2019):技术的界碑:人工智能对新闻真实的伦理挑战,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》,第41卷第9期,76-81页。
- 卢长春(2020):新闻聊天机器人:新闻生产的机遇与挑战,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》,第42卷第10期,7-11页。
- 毛湛文、孙曌闻(2020):从“算法神话”到“算法调节”:新闻透明性原则在算法分发平台的实践限度研究,《国际新闻界》,第42卷第7期,6-25页。
- 牛温佳、刘吉强、石川、康翠翠、童恩栋、诸峰、覃毅芳、管洋洋(2016):《用户网络行为画像》,北京:电子工业出版社。
- 彭增军(2020):算法与新闻公共性,《新闻记者》,第2期,48-52页。
- 沈伟伟(2019):算法透明原则的迷思——算法规制理论的批判,《环球法律评论》,第41卷第6期,20-39页。
- 师文、 陈昌凤(2020a):分布与互动模式:社交机器人操纵Twitter上的中国议题研究,《国际新闻界》,第42卷第5期,61-80页。
- 师文、陈昌凤(2020b):社交机器人在新闻扩散中的角色和行为模式研究——基于《纽约时报》“修例”风波报道在Twitter上扩散的分析,《新闻与传播研究》,第27卷第5期,5-20,126页。
- 王利明(2012):论个人信息权在人格权法中的地位,《苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,第33卷第6期,68-75页。
- 王茜(2017):打开算法分发的“黑箱”——基于今日头条新闻推送的量化研究,《新闻记者》,第9期,7-14页。
- 王茜(2020):批判算法研究视角下微博“热搜”的把关标准考察,《国际新闻界》,第42卷第7期,26-48页。
- 王晓梅(2016):个体自主性的实现,《自然辩证法研究》,第32卷第3期,57-62页。
- 项亮(2012):《推荐系统实践》,北京:人民邮电出版社。
- 徐琦(2020):辅助性治理工具:智媒算法透明度意涵阐释与合理定位,《新闻记者》,第8期,57-66页。
- 许向东、郭萌萌(2017):智媒时代的新闻生产:自动化新闻的实践与思考,《国际新闻界》,第39卷第5期,29-41页。
- 许向东、王怡溪(2020):智能传播中算法偏见的成因、影响与对策,《国际新闻界》,第42卷第10期,69-85页。
- 薛宝琴(2020):人是媒介的尺度:智能时代的新闻伦理主体性研究,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》,第42卷第3期,66-70页。
- 杨保军(2018):简论智能新闻的主体性,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》,第40卷第11期,32-36页。
- 杨洸、佘佳玲(2020):新闻算法推荐的信息可见性、用户主动性与信息茧房效应:算法与用户互动的视角,《新闻大学》,第2期,102-118,123页。
- 於春(2020):传播中的离身与具身:人工智能新闻主播的认知交互,《国际新闻界》,第42卷第5期,35-50页。
- 袁帆、严三九(2020):模糊的算法伦理水平——基于传媒业269名算法工程师的实证研究,《新闻大学》,第5期,112-124,129页。
- 张超(2020):“后台”前置:新闻透明性的兴起、争议及其“适度”标准,《国际新闻界》,第42卷第8期,88-109页。
- 张建中(2018):声音作为下一个平台:智能语音新闻报道的创新与实践,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》,第40卷第1期,148-153页。
- 张文祥、杨林(2020):新闻聚合平台的算法规制与隐私保护,《现代传播(中国传媒大学学报)》,第42卷第4期,140-144,154页。
- 中国传媒大学(2020-04-27):中国传媒大学新媒体研究院&新浪AI媒体研究院:中国智能媒体发展报告(2019—2020),获取自http://nmi.cuc.edu.cn/2020/0427/c2509a169855/page.htm。
- 周葆华(2019):算法推荐类APP的使用及其影响——基于全国受众调查的实证分析,《新闻记者》,第12期,27-37页。
- 朱颖(2017):我国移动APP隐私保护政策研究——基于96个移动应用APP的分析,《暨南学报(哲学社会科学版)》,第39卷第12期,107-114页。
- Ananny,M.& Crawford,K.(2015).A Liminal Press:Situating news app designers within a field of networked news production.Digital Journalism,3(2),192-208.doi:10.1080/21670811.2014.922322.
- Ananny,M.(2016).Toward an ethics of algorithms:Convening,observation,probability,and timeliness.Science,Technology & Human Values,41(1),93-117.doi:10.1177/0162243915606523.
- Ananny,M.& Crawford,K.(2018).Seeing without knowing:Limitations of the transparency ideal and its application to algorithmic accountability.New Media & Society,20(3),973-989.doi:10.1177/1461444816676645.
- Anderson,C.W.(2013).Towards a sociology of computational and algorithmic journalism.New Media & Society,15(7),1005-1021.doi:10.1177/1461444812465137.
- BBC.(July 1,2015).Google apologises for Photos app's racist blunder.BBC News.Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-33347866.
- Beckett,C.(November 2019).New powers,new responsibilities:A global survey of journalism and artificial intelligence.London School of Economics and Political Science.Retrieved from https://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/polis/JournalismAI/The-report.
- Botha,J.& Pieterse,H.(March,2020).Fake news and deepfakes:A dangerous threat for 21st century information security.In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security.Norfolk,USA.
- Bozdag,E.(2013).Bias in algorithmic filtering and personalization.Ethics and Information Technology,15(3),209-227.doi:10.1007/s10676-013-9321-6.
- Buolamwini,J.& Gebru,T.(January,2018).Gender shades:Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification.In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness,Accountability and Transparency (pp.77-91).New York.
- Carlson,M.(2015).The robotic reporter:Automated journalism and the redefinition of labor,compositional forms,and journalistic authority.Digital Journalism,3(3),416-431.doi:10.1080/21670811.2014.976412.
- Carlson,M.(2018).Automating judgment?Algorithmic judgment,news knowledge,and journalistic professionalism.New Media & Society,20(5),1755-1772.doi:10.1177/1461444817706684.
- Clerwall,C.(2014).Enter the robot journalist:Users' perceptions of automated content.Journalism Practice,8(5),519-531.doi:10.1080/17512786.2014.883116.
- Craft,S.& Heim,K.(2009).Transparency in journalism:Meanings,merits,and risks.In Wilkins,L.& Christians,C.G.(Eds.),The Handbook of Mass Media Ethics (pp.217-228).UK:Routledge.
- Danks,D.& London,A.J.(August,2017).Algorithmic bias in autonomous systems.In Proceedings of the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp.4691-4697).Melbourne,Australia:AAAI Press.
- Dastin,J.(October 11,2018).Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women.Reuters.Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight-idUSKCN1MK08G.
- Deuze,M.(2005).What is journalism?Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered.Journalism,6(4),442-464.doi:10.1177/1464884905056815.
- DeVito,M.A.(2017).From editors to algorithms:A values-based approach to understanding story selection in the Facebook news feed.Digital Journalism,5(6),753-773.doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1178592.
- Diakopoulos,N.(2016).Accountability in algorithmic decision making.Communications of the ACM,59(2),56-62.doi:10.1145/2844110.
- Diakopoulos,N.& Koliska,M.(2017).Algorithmic transparency in the news media.Digital Journalism,5(7),809-828.doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1208053.
- Diakopoulos,N.(2019).Automating the news:How algorithms are rewriting the media.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
- Diakopoulos,N.(2020a).Computational news discovery:Towards design considerations for editorial orientation algorithms in journalism.Digital Journalism,8(7),945-967.doi:10.1080/21670811.2020.1736946.
- Diakopoulos,N.(April 15,2020b).The ethics of predictive journalism.Retrieved from https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/predictive-journalism-artificial-intelligence-ethics.php.
- D?rr,K.N.(2016).Mapping the field of algorithmic journalism.Digital Journalism,4(6),700-722.doi:10.1080/21670811.2015.1096748.
- D?rr,K.N.& Hollnbuchner,K.(2017).Ethical challenges of algorithmic journalism.Digital Journalism,5(4),404-419.doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1167612.
- Friedman,B.& Nissenbaum,H.(February,1997).Software agents and user autonomy.In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Autonomous Agents (pp.466-469).Marina del Rey,California,USA:ACM.doi:10.1145/267658.267772.
- Gillespie,T.(2014).The relevance of algorithms.In Gillespie,T.,Boczkowski,P.J.& Foot,K.A.(Eds.),Media Technologies (pp.167-194).Cambridge:The MIT Press.doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262525374.003.0009.
- Graves,L.(February,2018).Factsheet:Understanding the promise and limits of automated fact-checking.Retrieved from https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f321ff43-05f0-4430-b978-f5f517b73b9b/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=graves_factsheet_180226%2BFINAL.pdf&type_of_work=Report.
- Green,D.(November11,2019).AI-powered journalism:A time-saver or an accident waiting to happen?Retrieved from https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/automatically-generated-journalism-risks-unintentional-bias-in-news-articles/s2/a747239/.
- Guzman,A.L.& Lewis,S.C.(2020).Artificial intelligence and communication:A human-machine communication research agenda.New Media & Society,22(1),70-86.doi:10.1177/1461444819858691.
- Haim,M.,Graefe,A.& Brosius,H.B.(2018).Burst of the filter bubble?Effects of personalization on the diversity of Google News.Digital Journalism,6(3),330-343.doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1338145.
- Hancock,J.T.,Naaman,M.& Levy,K.(2020).AI-mediated communication:Definition,research agenda,and ethical considerations.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,25(1),89-100.doi:10.1093/jcmc/zmz022.
- Helberger,N.(2019).On the democratic role of news recommenders.Digital Journalism,7(8),993-1012.doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1623700.
- Hoffmann,A.L.(2020).Terms of inclusion:Data,discourse,violence.New Media & Society.doi:10.1177/1461444820958725.
- Jacobsen,B.(2020).Cloud ethics:Algorithms and the attributes of ourselves and others.Information Communication & Society.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1800782.
- Jaume-Palasí,L.& Spielkamp,M.(2017).Ethics and algorithmic processes for decision making and decision support.Retrieved from https://algorithmwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/AlgorithmWatch_Working-Paper_No_2_Ethics_ADM.pdf.
- Jensen,C.& Potts,C.(April,2004).Privacy policies as decision-making tools:An evaluation of online privacy notices.In:Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp.471-478).Vienna,Austria:ACM.
- Jones,B.& Jones,R.(2019).Public service chatbots:Automating conversation with BBC news.Digital Journalism,7(8),1032-1053.doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1609371.
- Kinsella,B.(September 13,2018).Google assistant takes lead in understanding speakers with accents.Retrieved from https://voicebot.ai/2018/09/13/google-assistant-takes-lead-in-understanding-speakers-with-accents/.
- Lewis,S.C.,Guzman,A.L.& Schmidt,T.R.(2019).Automation,journalism,and human-machine communication:Rethinking roles and relationships of humans and machines in news.Digital Journalism,7(4),409-427.doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1577147.
- ■.Human still in the loop:Editors reconsider the ideals of professional journalism through automation.Digital Journalism,7(8),1098-1116.doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1601576.
- Mittelstadt,B.(2017).From individual to group privacy in big data analytics.Philosophy & Technology,30(4),475-494.doi:10.1007/s13347-017-0253-7.
- Mittelstadt,B.D.,Allo,P.,Taddeo,M.,Wachter,S.& Floridi,L.(2016).The ethics of algorithms:Mapping the debate.Big Data & Society,3(2),1-21.doi:10.1177/2053951716679679.
- M?ller,J.,Trilling,D.,Helberger,N.& van Es,B.(2018).Do not blame it on the algorithm:An empirical assessment of multiple recommender systems and their impact on content diversity.Information,Communication & Society,21(7),959-977.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2018.1444076.
- Montal,T.& Reich,Z.(2017).I,Robot.You,Journalist.Who is the author?Authorship,bylines and full disclosure in automated journalism.Digital Journalism,5(7),829-849.doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1209083.
- Newman,N.(2019).Journalism,media,and technology trends and predictions.Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-01/Newman_Predictions_2019_FINAL_2.pdf.
- Newman,N.(2021).Journalism,media and technology trends and predictions 2021.Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/journalism-media-and-technology-trends-and-predictions-2021.
- Obar,J.A.& Oeldorf-Hirsch,A.(2020).The biggest lie on the internet:Ignoring the privacy policies and terms of service policies of social networking services.Information,Communication & Society,23(1),128-147.doi:10.2139/ssrn.2757465.
- Orr,W.& Davis,J.L.(2020).Attributions of ethical responsibility by Artificial intelligence practitioners.Information,Communication & Society,23(5),719-735.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2020.1713842.
- Plaisance,P.L.(2007).Transparency:An assessment of the Kantian roots of a key element in media ethics practice.Journal of Mass Media Ethics,22(2-3),187-207.doi:10.1080/08900520701315855.
- Reddy,E.,Cakici,B.& Ballestero,A.(2019).Beyond mystery:Putting algorithmic accountability in context.Big Data & Society,6(1),1-7.doi:10.1177/2053951719826856.
- Schraube,E.(2009).Technology as materialized action and its ambivalences.Theory & Psychology,19(2),296-312.doi:10.1177/0959354309103543.
- Schudson,M.(2015).The rise of the right to know:Politics and the culture of transparency,1945—1975.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
- Shank,D.B.,DeSanti,A.& Maninger,T.(2019).When are artificial intelligence versus human agents faulted for wrongdoing?Moral attributions after individual and joint decisions.Information,Communication & Society,22(5),648-663.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2019.1568515.
- Smith,A.(November 16,2018).Public attitudes toward computer algorithms.Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/11/16/public-attitudes-toward-computer-algorithm/.
- Stray,J.(2019).Making artificial intelligence work for investigative journalism.Digital Journalism,7(8),1076-1097.doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1630289.
- Tandoc,E.C.,Jr.,Yao,L.J.& Wu,S.Y.(2020).Man vs.machine?The impact of algorithm authorship on news credibility.Digital Journalism,8(4),548-562.doi:10.1080/21670811.2020.1762102.
- Taylor,L.,Floridi,L.& van der Sloot,B.(2017).Group privacy:New challenges of data technologies.Dordrecht:Springer.
- Thurman,N.(2011).Making “The Daily Me”:Technology,economics and habit in the mainstream assimilation of personalized news.Journalism,12(4),395-415.doi:10.1177/1464884910388228.
- Thurman,N.,D?rr,K.& Kunert,J.(2017).When reporters get hands-on with robo-writing:Professionals consider automated journalism's capabilities and consequences.Digital Journalism,5(10),1240-1259.doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1289819.
- Tucker,J.A.,Guess,A.,Barbera,P.,Vaccari,C.,Siegel,A.,Sanovich,S.,Stukal,D.& Nyhan,B.(2018).Social media,political polarization,and political disinformation:A review of the scientific literature.SSRN Electronic Journal.https://ssrn.com/abstract=3144139.
- Turilli,M.& Floridi,L.(2009).The ethics of information transparency.Ethics and Information Technology,11,105-112.doi:10.1007/s10676-009-9187-9.
- Vaccari,C.& Chadwick,A.(2020).Deepfakes and disinformation:Exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception,uncertainty,and trust in news.Social Media + Society,6(1),1-13.doi:10.1177/2056305120903408.
- Van der Kaa,H.A.J.& Krahmer,E.J.(2014).Journalist versus news consumer:The perceived credibility of machine written news.In Proceedings of the Computation+Journalism Conference.New York.
- Vosoughi,S.,Roy,D.& Aral,S.(2018).The spread of true and false news online.Science,359(6380),1146-1151.doi:10.1126/science.aap9559.
- Weber,M.S.& Kosterich,A.(2018).Coding the News:The role of computer code in filtering and distributing news.Digital Journalism,6(3),310-329.doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1366865.
- W?lker,A.& Powell,T.E.(2018).Algorithms in the newsroom?News readers' perceived credibility and selection of automated journalism.Journalism,22(1),86-103.doi:10.1177/1464884918757072.
- ■.Measuring discrimination in algorithmic decision making.Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery,31(4),1060-1089.doi:10.1007/s10618-017-0506-1.
- ① 该报告调查了来自32个国家或地区、71家新闻机构中的116名受访者,且大多数受访者都是技术专家,也被称为“数字早期采用者”。另外,报告还结合了访谈、研讨会和新闻发布会等方面的内容。
- ② 该报告调查了来自43个国家或地区的234位受访者,包括52名总编辑、45名首席执行官或董事总经理和29名数字部门负责人,他们均来自世界领先的传统媒体公司和数字原生组织。
- ③ 受访者为4594名美国成年人(年龄在18岁以上)。