常江,刘璇

• 1:深圳大学传播学院
• 2:深圳大学媒体融合与国际传播研究中心

摘要(Abstract)：

本文将公共性视为新闻业的价值合法性基石,通过对既有行业数据和代表性案例的考察,归纳数字新闻业的四种主要的"反公共性"表现:"黑箱""孤岛""极化""脱嵌"。文章进而基于技术可供性的分析框架,从深度介入新闻实践的数字技术自身的属性及其文化偏向出发,探讨上述表现得以形成的原因。研究认为,在数字化进程塑造的新闻生态下,维系新闻业公共性价值目标的观念和实践体系均已失去其物质和文化基础;数字时代新闻学规范理论的建构须以"重新概念化"为起点,在观念和实践两个维度上实现对公共性价值理想实现路径的重建;这一重建工作,包括探索新的专业主义和规划新的伦理体系两项任务;中西方基于公共性讨论形成的数字新闻治理路线的差异比较,有着突出的理论价值。

关键词(KeyWords)： 数字新闻;公共性;技术可供性;新闻规范理论;新闻伦理

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金重大项目“数字新闻学理论、方法与实践研究”（项目批准号：20&ZD318）;; 深圳市人文社会科学重点研究基地成果之一

作者(Author): 常江,刘璇

DOI: 10.16602/j.gjms.20210041

参考文献(References)：

• 常江(2020):数字新闻学：一种理论体系的想象与建构，《新闻记者》,第2期，12-20,31页。
• 常江、田浩(2020):詹妮特·瓦斯科：新闻不是言之无物的信息碎片——数字信息霸权批判，《新闻界》,第4期，6-13页。
• 常江、何仁亿(2021):客观性的消亡与数字新闻专业主义想象：以美国大选为个案，《新闻界》,第2期，26-33页。
• 陈昌凤、林嘉琳(2021):新闻专业危机与“元新闻”信息伦理抗争：对美国大选社交媒体图景的观察，《新闻界》,第2期，14-25页。
• 仇筠茜、陈昌凤(2018):黑箱：人工智能技术与新闻生产格局嬗变，《新闻界》,第1期，28-34页。
• 黄文森、廖圣清(2021):同质的连接、异质的流动：社交网络新闻生产与扩散机制，《新闻与传播研究》,第28卷第2期，18-36,126页。
• 凯伦·沃尔-乔根森、田浩(2021):数字新闻学的情感转向：迈向新的研究议程，《新闻界》,第7期，25-32页。
• 李凌、陈昌凤(2020):信息个人化转向：算法传播的范式革命和价值风险，《南京社会科学》,第10期，101-109页。
• 王晓培、田浩(2021):数字新闻生态与极化：赋能、固化与调和失效，《新闻界》,第3期，83-92页。
• 杨洸(2021):数字时代舆论极化的症结、成因与反思，《新闻界》,第3期，93-100页。
• 杨奇光(2021):技术可供性“改造”客观性：数字新闻学的话语重构，《南京社会科学》,第5期，118-127页。
• Allen,D.S.(2008).The trouble with transparency:The challenge of doing journalism ethics in a surveillance society.Journalism Studies,9(3),323-340.doi:10.1080/14616700801997224.
• Anderson,C.W.& Kreiss,D.(2013).Black boxes as capacities for and constraints on action:Electoral politics,journalism,and devices of representation.Qualitative Sociology,36(4),365-382.doi:10.1007/s11133-013-9258-4.
• Atton,C.(2002).News Cultures andnew social movements:Radical journalism and the mainstream media.Journalism Studies,3(4),491-505.doi:10.1080/1461670022000019209.
• Bardoel,J.(1996).Beyond journalism:A profession between information society and civil society.European Journal of Communication,11(3),283-302.doi:10.1177/0267323196011003001.
• Bonfadelli,H.(2002).The internet and knowledge gaps:A theoretical and empirical investigation.European Journal of Communication,17(1),65-84.doi:10.1177/0267323102017001607.
• Boulianne,S.,Koc-Michalska,K.& Bimber,B.(2020).Right-wing populism,social media and echo chambers in Western democracies.New Media & Society,22(4),683-699.doi:10.1177/1461444819893983.
• Brants,K.& van Praag,P.(2017).Beyond media logic.Journalism Studies,18(4),395-408.doi:10.1080/1461670X.2015.1065200.
• Carlson,M.(2015).The robotic reporter:Automated journalism and the redefinition of labor,compositional forms,and journalistic authority.Digital Journalism,3(3),416-431.doi:10.1080/21670811.2014.976412.
• Carlson,M.& Usher,N.(2016).News startups as agents of innovation:For-profit digital news startup manifestos as metajournalistic discourse.Digital Journalism,4(5),563-581.doi:10.1080/21670811.2015.1076344.
• Carlson,M.(2017).Automating judgment?Algorithmic judgment,news knowledge,and journalistic professionalism.New Media & Society,20(5),1755-1772.doi:10.1177/1461444817706684.
• Carlson,M.,Robinson,S.,Lewis,S.C.& Berkowitz,D.A.(2018).Journalism studies and its core commitments:The making of a communication field.Journal of Communication,68(1),6-25.doi:10.1093/joc/jqx006.
• Carpini,M.X.D.& Keeter,S.(1996).What Americans know about politics and why it matters.New Haven:Yale University Press.
• Christin,A.(2020).The ethnographer and the algorithm:Beyond the black box.Theory and Society,49(5),897-918.doi:10.1007/s11186-020-09411-3.
• Coleman R.(2000).The ethical context for public journalism:As an ethical foundation for public journalism,communitarian philosophy provides principles for practitioners to apply to real-world problems.Journal of Communication Inquiry,24(1),41-66.doi:10.1177/0196859900024001004.
• Coleman,S.,Morrison,D.E.& Anthony,S.(2012).A constructivist study of trust in the news.Journalism Studies,13(1),37-53.doi:10.1080/1461670X.2011.592353.
• Crilley,R.& Gillespie,M.(2019).What to do about social media?Politics,populism and journalism.Journalism,20(1),173-176.doi:10.1177/1464884918807344.
• Edy,J.A.(1999).Journalistic uses of collective memory.Journal of Communication,49(2),71-85.doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02794.x.
• Einav,G.& Lipson,N.(2018).“The new news”:Storytelling in the digital age.In Latar,N.L.(Ed.),Robot Journalism:Can Human Journalism Survive?(pp.67-78).New Jersey:World Scientific Publishing.
• Eksterowicz,A.J.,Roberts,R.& Clark,A.(1998).Public journalism and public knowledge.The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics,3(2),74-95.doi:10.1177/1081180X98003002006.
• Ettema,J.S.& Glasser,T.L.(1998).Custodians of conscience:Investigative journalism and public virtue.New York:Columbia University Press.
• Fink,K.(2019).The biggest challenge facing journalism:A lack of trust.Journalism,20(1),40-43.doi:10.1177/1464884918807069.
• Fourie,P.J.(2017).Normative media theory in the digital media landscape:Frommedia ethics to ethical communication.Communicatio:South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research,43(2),109-127.doi:10.1080/02500167.2017.1331927.
• Fraser,N.(1990).Rethinking the public sphere:A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy.Social Text,(25-26),56-80.doi:10.2307/466240.
• Genova,B.K.L.& Greenberg,B.S.(1979).Interests in news and the knowledge gap.Public Opinion Quarterly,43(1),79-91.doi:10.1086/268493.
• Glasser,T.L.& Craft,S.(1998).Public journalism and the search for democratic ideals.Ecquid Novi:African Journalism Studies,19(1),7-23.doi:10.1080/02560054.1998.9653211.
• Glasser,T.L.& Campbell,C.C.(1999).The idea of public journalism.New York:Guilford Press.
• Graefe,A.& Bohlken,N.(2020).Automated journalism:A meta-analysis of readers’ perceptions of human-written in comparison to automated news.Media and Communication,8(3),50-59.doi:10.17645/mac.v8i3.3019.
• Haas,T.& Steiner,L.(2001).Public journalism as a journalism of publics:Implications of the Habermas-Fraser debate for public journalism.Journalism,2(2),123-147.doi:10.1177/146488490100200202.
• Haim,M.,Graefe,A.& Brosius,H.B.(2018).Burst of the filter bubble?Effects of personalization on the diversity of Google News.Digital Journalism,6(3),330-343.doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1338145.
• Hass,T.(2004).Research note:Alternative media,public journalism and the pursuit of democratization.Journalism Studies,5(1),115-121.doi:10.1080/1461670032000174783.
• Hermans,L.& Drok,N.(2018).Placing constructive journalism in context.Journalism Practice,12(6),679-694.doi:10.1080/17512786.2018.1470900.
• Junn,J.(1991).Participation and political knowledge.In Crotty,W.(Ed.),Political Participation and American Democracy (pp.193-212).New York:Greenwood.
• Kiousis,S.(2001).Public trust or mistrust?Perceptions of media credibility in the information age.Mass Communication and Society,4(4),381-403.doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0404_4.
• Lambeth,E.B.(1992).Committed journalism:An ethic for the profession (2nd ed.).Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
• Levy,R.(2021).Social media,news consumption,and polarization:Evidence from a field experiment.American Economic Review,111(3),831-870.doi:10.1257/aer.20191777.
• Lewis,S.C.(2008).News,nationalism,and the imagined community:The case of bilingual journalism in Spain.Journalism Studies,9(3),409-428.doi:10.1080/14616700801999212.
• Lewis,S.C.,Sanders,A.K.& Carmody,C.(2019).Libel by algorithm?Automated journalism and the threat of legal liability.Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly,96(1),60-81.doi:10.1177/1077699018755983.
• Marozzo,F.& Bessi,A.(2018).Analyzing polarization of social media users and news sites during political campaigns.Social Network Analysis and Mining,8(1),1.doi:10.1007/s13278-017-0479-5.
• McNair,B.(1999).Journalism and democracy:An evaluation of the political public sphere.London:Routledge.
• Moffitt,B.(2018).Populism 2.0:Social media and the false allure of “unmediated” representation.In Fitzi,G.,Mackert,J.& Turner,B.S.(Eds.),Populism and the Crisis of Democracy:Volume 2:Politics,Social Movements and Extremism (pp.30-46).London:Routledge.
• Nip,J.Y.M.(2006).Exploring the second phase of public journalism.Journalism Studies,7(2),212-236.doi:10.1080/14616700500533528.
• Ohlsson,J.,Lindell,J.& Arkhede,S.(2017).A matter of cultural distinction:News consumption in the online media landscape.European Journal of Communication,32(2),116-130.doi:10.1177/0267323116680131.
• Phillips,A.(2010).Transparency and the new ethics of journalism.Journalism Practice,4(3),373-382.doi:10.1080/17512781003642972.
• Ritter,Z.& Jones,J.(January 16,2018).Media seen as key to democracy but not supporting it well.Gallup.Retrieved from http://news.gallup.com/poll/225470/media-seen-key-democracy-not-supporting.aspx.
• Ryfe,D.M.(2006).News,culture and public life:A study of 19th-century American journalism.Journalism Studies,7(1),60-77.doi:10.1080/14616700500450343.
• Samuels,E.& Akhtar,M.(November 20,2019).Are “bots” manipulating the 2020 conversation?Here’s what’s changed since 2016.The Washington Post.Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/20/are-bots-manipulating-conversation-heres-whats-changed-since/.
• Schudson,M.(1995).The power of news.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
• Shapiro,M.A.& Hemphill,L.(2017).Politicians and the policy agenda:Does use of twitter by the U.S.congress direct New York Times content?.Policy & Internet,9(1),109-132.doi:10.1002/poi3.120.
• Singletary,M.W.(1976).Components of credibility of a favorable news source.Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly,53(2),316-319.doi:10.1177/107769907605300219.
• Steensen,S.,Larsen,A.M.G.,H?gvar,Y.B.& Fonn,B.K.(2019).What does digital journalism studies look like?.Digital Journalism,7(3),320-342.doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1581071.
• Taneja,H.,Wu,A.X.& Edgerly,S.(2018).Rethinking the generational gap in online news use:An infrastructural perspective.New Media & Society,20(5),1792-1812.doi:10.1177/1461444817707348.
• Thorson,K.,Cotter,K.,Medeiros,M.& Pak,C.(2021).Algorithmic inference,political interest,and exposure to news and politics on Facebook.Information,Communication & Society,24(2),183-200.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2019.1642934.
• Vara-Miguel,A.,Sanjurjo-San Martín,E.& Díaz-Espina,C.(2014).Paid news vs free news:Evolution of the WSJ.com business model from a content perspective (2010—2012).Communication & Society,27(2),147-167.doi:10.15581/003.27.2.147-167.