王可欣,史蒙苏

• 1:浙江大学传媒与国际文化学院
• 2:清华大学新闻与传播学院

摘要(Abstract)：

媒介技术的发展迭代让媒介介导的传播愈发具有真实、沉浸等属性,这在一定程度上消融了线上与线下、虚拟与现实的边界,塑造并重构着现实。在媒介使用对现实众多的积极影响中,补偿效应(compensation effect)近年来被学者广泛关注。媒介补偿指的是媒介使用户克服时间、空间、个人特质、行为倾向等限制,弥补在线下活动中难以满足的诉求。结合发展心理学的毕生发展视角,现有的媒介补偿理论与实证研究可以归纳为如下议题:社交媒体使用与社会交往、始成年人移动交友软件与亲密关系发展、移民与远程母职养育、老年人的养老与社会适应等。未来的研究可以拓展发展心理学视角,关注成长窗口期的弱势群体的关键心理问题,结合特定媒介的功能和属性,深入挖掘媒介补偿的手段和途径,探讨媒介补偿的机制,推动研究成果的应用。

关键词(KeyWords)： 媒介补偿;社交补偿;“穷者变富”;传播心理

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金青年项目资助（项目批准号：72004198）

作者(Author): 王可欣,史蒙苏

DOI: 10.16602/j.gjms.20210049

参考文献(References)：

• 郭思彤、安德鲁·比林斯、尼古拉斯·布泽利(2020):老年体育迷的集体自尊与孤独感：社交媒体使用的影响，《成都体育学院学报》,第46卷第5期，51-58页。
• 蓝佩嘉(2011):《跨国灰姑娘：当东南亚帮佣遇上台湾新富家庭》,长春：吉林出版集团有限责任公司.
• 廖传景、吴继霞、张进辅(2015):留守儿童心理健康及影响因素研究：安全感的视角，《华东师范大学学报(教育科学版)》,第3期，88-97页。
• 王蕾、夏颖(2020):媒介诉求、阅读场景、社交依赖：老年群体的微信阅读，《当代传播》,第6期，58-61页。
• 王晓峰、赵腾腾(2021):互联网影响残疾人就业的作用机制研究，《人口学刊》,第43卷第1期，96-112页。
• 王献娜、刘文慧、骆维维(2016):iPad及软件对孤独症儿童康复训练的效果：4例报道，《中国康复理论与实践》,第22卷第8期，973-976页。
• 王佑镁(2013):数字融合与边缘重生：新时期侨乡留守儿童的媒介使用与满足，《远程教育杂志》,第31卷第1期，86-92页。
• 吴苏曼(2018):留守儿童依恋发展轨迹及其影响因素：两年的追踪研究，中国科学院大学硕士论文。
• 杨晓军(2014):留守儿童情感教育的媒介化“补偿”机制探析，《电化教育研究》,第35卷第7期，36-40页。
• 杨圆圆、张仲明、郭晓伟、胡朋利(2012):留守儿童心理健康与父母同伴依恋的关系研究，《中国健康心理学杂志》,第20卷第9期，1371-1373页。
• 叶子(2019):想和逝去的亲人聊天吗?科学家计划用AI“克隆”逝者，《科学与现代化》,第1期，73-75页。
• 中国残疾人联合会：https://www.cdpf.org.cn/zwgk/zccx/cjrgk/15e9ac67d7124f3 fb4a23b7e2ac739aa.htm。
• 中国互联网络信息中心(2021):第48次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》,北京：中国互联网络信息中心。
• 中华人民共和国中央人民政府网http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-10/30/content_5335992.htm。
• Albano,A.M.(1995).Treatment of social anxiety in adolescents.Cognitive and Behavioral Practice,2(2),271-298.doi:10.1016/S1077-7229(95)80014-X.
• Amichai-Hamburger,Y.,Wainapel,G.& Fox,S.(2002).“On the Internet no one knows I'm an introvert”:Extroversion,neuroticism,and Internet interaction.CyberPsychology & Behavior,5(2),125-128.doi:10.1089/109493102753770507.
• Anan,R.M.& Barnett,D.(1999).Perceived social support mediates between prior attachment and subsequent adjustment:A study of urban African American children.Developmental Psychology,35(5),1210-1222.doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.5.1210.
• Arnett,J.J.(2000).Emerging adulthood.A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.American Psychologist,55(5),469-480.
• Barker,V.(2009).Older adolescents' motivations for social network site use:The influence of gender,group identity,and collective self-esteem.CyberPsychology & Behavior,12(2),209-213.doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0228.
• Baumann,L.,& Utz,S.(2021).Professional networking:Exploring differences between offline and online networking.Cyberpsychology:Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace,15(1).
• Beyens,I.,Pouwels,J.L.,Van Driel,I.I.,Keijsers,L.& Valkenburg,P.M.(2020).The effect of social media on well-being differs from adolescent to adolescent.Scientific Reports,10(1),10763.doi:10.1038/s41598-020-67727-7.
• Billedo,C.J.,Kerkhof,P.& Finkenauer,C.(2015).The use of social networking sites for relationship maintenance in long-distance and geographically close romantic relationships.Cyberpsychology,Behavior,and Social Networking,18(3),152-157.doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0469.
• Buffardi,L.E.& Campbell,W.K.(2008).Narcissism and social networking web sites.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(10),1303-1314.doi:10.1177/0146167208320061.
• Burger,J.M.(1997).Personality (4th ed.).Pacific Grove,CA:Brooks/Cole.
• Cacioppo,J.T.,Hughes,M.E.,Waite,L.J.,Hawkley,L.C.& Thisted,R.A.(2006).Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms:Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.Psychology and Aging,21(1),140-151.doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140.
• Caplan,S.E.(2010).Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use:A two-step approach.Computers in Human Behavior,26(5),1089-1097.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.03.012.
• Chen,C.Y.(2020).Smartphone addiction:Psychological and social factors predict the use and abuse of a social mobile application.Information,Communication & Society,23(3),454-467.doi:10.1080/1369118X.2018.1518469.
• Cotten,S.R.,Anderson,W.A.& McCullough,B.M.(2013).Impact of internet use on loneliness and contact with others among older adults:Cross-sectional analysis.Journal of Medical Internet Research,15(2),e39.doi:10.2196/jmir.2306.
• Cotton,C.& Beguy,D.(2021).Long-distance mothering in Urban Kenya.Journal of Marriage and Family,83(2),482-497.doi:10.1111/jomf.12719.
• Danielsbacka,M.,Tanskanen,A.O.& Billari,F.C.(2019).Who meets online?Personality traits and sociodemographic characteristics associated with online partnering in Germany.Personality and Individual Differences,143,139-144.doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.024.
• Davis,M.H.& Kraus,L.A.(1989).Social contact,loneliness,and mass media use:A test of two hypotheses.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,19(13),1100-1124.doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01242.x.
• Desjarlais,M.& Willoughby,T.(2010).A longitudinal study of the relation between adolescent boys and girls' computer use with friends and friendship quality:Support for the social compensation or the rich-get-richer hypothesis?.Computers in Human Behavior,26(5),896-905.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.02.004.
• Ekwall,A.K.,Sivberg,B.& Hallberg,I.R.(2005).Loneliness as a predictor of quality of life among older caregivers.Journal of Advanced Nursing,49(1),23-32.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03260.x.
• Elhai,J.D.,Dvorak,R.D.,Levine,J.C.& Hall,B.J.(2017).Problematic smartphone use:A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology.Journal of Affective Disorders,207,251-259.doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030..
• Forest,A.L.& Wood,J.V.(2012).When social networking is not working:Individuals with low self-esteem recognize but do not reap the benefits of self-disclosure on Facebook.Psychological Science,23(3),295-302.doi:10.1177/0956797611429709.
• Goby,V.P.(2006).Personality and online/offline choices:MBTI profiles and favored communication modes in a Singapore study.CyberPsychology & Behavior,9(1),5-13.doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.5.
• Granovetter,M.S.(1973).The strength of weak ties.American Journal of Sociology,78(6),1360-1380.doi:10.1086/225469.
• Griffiths,M.(2000).Does Internet and computer “addiction” exist?Some case study evidence.CyberPsychology & Behavior,3(2),211-218.doi:10.1089/109493100316067.
• Gross,E.F.,Juvonen,J.& Gable,S.L.(2002).Internet use and well-being in adolescence.Journal of Social Issues,58(1),75-90.doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00249.
• Harper,G.W.,Bruce,D.,Serrano,P.& Jamil,O.B.(2009).The role of the Internet in the sexual identity development of gay and bisexual male adolescents.The story of sexual identity:Narrative perspectives on the gay and lesbian life course,297-326.
• Harvey,M.& Byrd,M.(2000).Relationships between adolescents' attachment styles and family functioning.Adolescence,35(138),345-366.
• Hillier,L.& Harrison,L.(2007).Building realities less limited than their own:Young people practising same-sex attraction on the internet.Sexualities,10(1),82-100.
• Hood,M.,Creed,P.A.& Mills,B.J.(2018).Loneliness and online friendships in emerging adults.Personality and Individual Differences,133,96-102.doi:10.1016/J.PAID.2017.03.045.
• Kardefelt-Winther,D.(2014).A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research:Towards a model of compensatory internet use.Computers in Human Behavior,31,351-354.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059.
• Kennedy,T.L.,Smith,A.,Wells,A.T.& Wellman,B.(2008).Networked families.Pew Internet & American Life Project,17,1-36.
• Kong,J.F.Y.& Lee,G.(2017).Elderly's uses and gratifications of social media:Key to improving social compensation and social pressure.International Journal of Cyber Behavior,Psychology and Learning,7(3),23-36.doi:10.4018/IJCBPL.2017070103.
• Korchmaros,J.D.,Ybarra,M.L.& Mitchell,K.J.(2015).Adolescent online romantic relationship initiation:Differences by sexual and gender identification.Journal of Adolescence,40,54-64.doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.01.004.
• Kraut,R.,Kiesler,S.,Boneva,B.,Cummings,J.N.,Helgeson,V.& Crawford,A.M.(2002).Internet paradox revisited.Journal of Social Issues,58(1),49-74.doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00248.
• Kujath,C.L.(2011).Facebook and MySpace:Complement or substitute for face-to-face interaction?.Cyberpsychology,Behavior,and Social Networking,14(1-2),75-78.doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0311.
• Lee,E.J.& Kim,Y.W.(2014).How social is twitter use?Affiliative tendency and communication competence as predictors.Computers in Human Behavior,39,296-305.doi:10.1016/J.CHB.2014.07.034.
• Lee,J.E.R.,Moore,D.C.,Park,E.A.& Park,S.G.(2012).Who wants to be “friend-rich”?Social compensatory friending on Facebook and the moderating role of public self-consciousness.Computers in Human Behavior,28(3),1036-1043.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.01.006.
• Lemieux,R.,Lajoie,S.& Trainor,N.E.(2013).Affinity-seeking,social loneliness,and social avoidance among facebook users.Psychological Reports,112(2),545-552.doi:10.2466/07.PR0.112.2.545-552.
• Madianou,M.& Miller,D.(2012).Migration and new media:Transnational families and polymedia.New York:Routledge.
• Mazzoni,E.,Baiocco,L.,Cannata,D.& Dimas,I.(2016).Is internet the cherry on top or a crutch?Offline social support as moderator of the outcomes of online social support on problematic internet use.Computers in Human Behavior,56,369-374.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.032.
• McKenna,K.,& Bargh,J.(2000).Plan 9 from cyberspace:The implication of the Internet for personality and social psychology.Personality and Social Psychology Review,4,57-75.
• McKenna,K.Y.A.,Green,A.S.& Gleason,M.E.J.(2002).Relationship formation on the Internet:What is the big attraction?.Journal of Social Issues,58(1),9-31.doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00246.
• Padilla-Walker,L.M.,Coyne,S.M.& Fraser,A.M.(2012).Getting a high-speed family connection:Associations between family media use and family connection.Family Relations,61(3),426-440.doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00710.x.
• Parreňas,R.(2005).Children of global migration:Transnational families and gendered woes.Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press.
• Perissinotto,C.M.,Cenzer,I.S.& Covinsky,K.E.(2012).Loneliness in older persons:A predictor of functional decline and death.Archives of Internal Medicine,172(14),1078-1083.doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1993.
• Peter,J.,Valkenburg,P.M.& Schouten,A.P.(2005).Developing a model of adolescent friendship formation on the internet.CyberPsychology & Behavior,8(5),423-430.doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.423.
• Poley,M.E.M.& Luo,S.H.(2012).Social compensation or rich-get-richer?The role of social competence in college students' use of the Internet to find a partner.Computers in Human Behavior,28(2),414-419.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.012.
• Rains,S.A.& Keating,D.M.(2011).The social dimension of blogging about health:Health blogging,social support,and well-being.Communication Monographs,78(4),511-534.doi:10.1080/03637751.2011.618142.
• Rosenfeld,M.J.& Thomas,R.J.(2012).Searching for a mate:The rise of the Internet as a social intermediary.American Sociological Review,77(4),523-547.doi:10.1177/0003122412448050.
• Rubin,R.B.,Rubin,A.M.& Martin,M.M.(1993).The role of self-disclosure and self-awareness in affinity-seeking competence.Communication Research Reports,10(2),115-127.doi:10.1080/08824099309359925.
• Ruppel,E.K.,Burke,T.J.,Cherney,M.R.& Dinsmore,D.R.(2018).Social compensation and enhancement via mediated communication in the transition to college.Human Communication Research,44(1),58-79.doi:10.1093/hcr/hqx003.
• Steinfield,C.,Ellison,N.B.& Lampe,C.(2008).Social capital,self-esteem,and use of online social network sites:A longitudinal analysis.Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,29(6),434-445.doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.002.
• Stevic,A.,Schmuck,D.,Matthes,J.& Karsay,K.(2021).“Age Matters”:A panel study investigating the influence of communicative and passive smartphone use on well-being.Behaviour & Information Technology,40(2),176-190.doi:10.1080/0144929X.2019.1680732.
• Teppers,E.,Luyckx,K.,Klimstra,T.A.& Goossens,L.(2014).Loneliness and Facebook motives in adolescence:A longitudinal inquiry into directionality of effect.Journal of Adolescence,37(5),691-699.doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.11.003.
• Tian,Q.(2013).Social anxiety,motivation,self-disclosure,and computer-mediated friendship:A path analysis of the social interaction in the blogosphere.Communication Research,40(2),237-260.doi:10.1177/0093650211420137.
• Valkenburg,P.M.,Schouten,A.P.& Peter,J.(2005).Adolescents' identity experiments on the Internet.New Media & Society,7(3),383-402.doi:10.1177/1461444805052282.
• Van Ingen,E.& Wright,K.B.(2016).Predictors of mobilizing online coping versus offline coping resources after negative life events.Computers in Human Behavior,59,431-439.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.048.
• Vashistha,A.,Cutrell,E.,Dell,N.& Anderson,R.(2015).Social media platforms for low-income blind people in India.In Proceedings of the 17th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers & Accessibility (pp.259-272).Lisbon,Portugal:ACM.doi:10.1145/2700648.2809858.
• Vitkus,J.& Horowitz,L.M.(1987).Poor social performance of lonely people:Lacking a skill or adopting a role?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,52(6),1266-1273.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1266.
• Walther,J.B.(1996).Computer-mediated communication:Impersonal,interpersonal,and hyperpersonal interaction.Communication Research,23(1),3-43.doi:10.1177/009365096023001001.
• Wang,K.X.,Zhou,M.J.& Zhang,Z.(2017).Can insecurely attached dating couples get compensated on social network sites?—The effect of surveillance.Computers in Human Behavior,73,303-310.doi:10.1016/J.CHB.2017.03.046.
• Wellman,B.& Gulia,M.(1999).The network basis of social support:A network is more than the sum of its ties.In Wellman,B.(Ed.),Networks in the global village (pp.83-118).New York:Routledge.
• Whisman,M.A.(2010).Loneliness and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older adults.Health Psychology,29(5),550-554.doi:10.1037/a0020760.
• Williams,J.G.& Solano,C.H.(1983).The social reality of feeling lonely:Friendship and reciprocation.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,9(2),237-242.doi:10.1177/0146167283092007.
• Wright,K.B.& Miller,C.H.(2010).A measure of weak-tie/strong-tie support network preference.Communication Monographs,77(4),500-517.doi:10.1080/03637751.2010.502538.
• Zhou,M.J.,Li,F.G.,Wang,Y.H.,Chen,S.& Wang,K.X.(2020).Compensatory social networking site use,family support,and depression among college freshman:Three-wave panel study.Journal of Medical Internet Research,22(9),e18458.doi:10.2196/18458.
• Zywica,J.& Danowski,J.(2008).The faces of Facebookers:Investigating social enhancement and social compensation hypotheses;Predicting FacebookTM and offline popularity from sociability and self-esteem,and mapping the meanings of popularity with semantic networks.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,14(1),1-34.doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2008.01429.x.