开源新闻实践者的行为动机与理想边界——基于Bellingcat的分析Motivations and Ideal Boundaries of Open Source News Practitioners——An Analysis Based on Bellingcat
梁骏,杨舟
摘要(Abstract)：
作为事实核查重要组成部分的开源新闻，一方面降低了公众参与新闻生产的门槛，另一方面无形中似乎赋予了这类开源新闻行动者认知上的特权。本研究从认知特权理论出发，以欧洲开源新闻组织Bellingcat(响铃猫)为例，分析了该组织成员的行为动机，讨论了民间新闻创新组织可能具备的潜能与当下面临的困境。研究认为，响铃猫的行为动机体现在以下四个层面：从职业选择看，为基于自我表达的社会改革意图；从能力品质看，为在实践中逐步积累新闻生产经验；从新闻理想与价值观看，为通过关键事件挖掘公众影响力；从与其他群体的关系看，行动者网络中的力量既产生推动作用，也带来阻力。诸如此类的新闻创新组织可能面临公共资源调配能力的局限、开源数据与封闭信息的伦理博弈以及“独立”概念的践行障碍这三个方面的局限性。
关键词(KeyWords)： 开源新闻;认知特权理论;事实核查;公民记者;新闻创新
基金项目(Foundation): 中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金“体育融合出版与传播的国际化研究”(项目编号:2023RHJS001)阶段性研究成果
作者(Author): 梁骏,杨舟
参考文献(References)：
- 曹剑波、魏开琼(2007):一种激进的知识论：女性主义立场论，《妇女研究论丛》,第4期，44-52页。
- 曹剑波、魏开琼(2008):认识与特权——女性主义立场论中的认知特权论研究，《人文杂志》,第1期，177-182页。
- 常江(2019):身份重塑：数字时代的新闻从业者职业认同，《编辑之友》,第4期，91-97页。
- 黑格尔(1979):《精神现象学》(贺麟、王玖兴译),北京：商务印书馆，127-132页。(原书Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.[1974].Ph?nomenologie des Geistes.Berlin:Suhrkamp Verlag.)
- 欧阳谦(2012):卢卡奇的总体性思想辨析，《教学与研究》,第4期，64-71页。
- 塞缪尔·亨廷顿(2005):《我们是谁：美国国家特性面临的挑战》(程克雄译),北京：新华出版社，268-278页。(原书Samuel P.Huntington.[2005].Who Are We?:The Challenges to America's NationalIdentity.New York:Simon & Schuster.)
- 史安斌、戴润韬(2020):开源智能新闻：发掘后真相世界的真相，《青年记者》,第31期，75-78页。
- 史安斌、张丹瑜(2023):全球新闻业的“代表性危机”:省思与破局，《青年记者》,第17期，91-95页。
- 吴莹、卢雨霞、陈家建、王一鸽(2008):跟随行动者重组社会——读拉图尔的《重组社会：行动者网络理论》,《社会学研究》,第2期，218-234页。
- 向芬、杨肇祎(2023):全球新闻创新共同体：基于事实核查工作方式的比较研究，《新闻记者》,第2期，32-45页。
- 徐笛、胡雅晗(2023):数字时代记者职业的重新领地化，《中国出版》,第16期，15-20页。
- 杨伟(2021):西方激进派女性主义心理学的骨骼：女性主义立场论探析，《社会科学前沿》,第10卷第6期，1459-1466页。
- 张东辉(2023):黑格尔《精神现象学》中的劳动思想，《哲学动态》,第9期，76-85页。
- 张伦(2023):作为实践的开源新闻生产：概念、特征与反思，《新闻界》,第12期，13-20,35页。
- 郑佳雯(2020):开放的探索：事实核查实践与公共生活的相互依存——以“NJU核真录”为例，《新闻记者》,第8期，20-31页。
- 周炜乐、方师师(2017):从新闻核查到核查新闻——事实核查的美国传统及在欧洲的嬗变，《新闻记者》,第4期，33-42页。
- Africa Check,Chequeado,and Full Fact.(2019).Fact checking doesn't work (the way you think it does).Retrieved from https://fullfact.org/blog/2019/jun/how-fact-checking-works/
- Ahmad,M.I.(2019).Bellingcat and how open source reinvented investigative journalism.Retrieved from https://www.nybooks.com/online/2019/06/10/bellingcat-and-how-open-source-reinvented-investigative-journalism/
- Andersson,J.(2018).What is Bellingcat-and what else had they uncovered before the Salisbury poisoning suspects?.Retrieved from https://inews.co.uk/news/bellingcat-what-eliot-higgins-investigations-salisbury-poisoning-suspects-202226
- B?r,D.,Calderon,F.,Lawlor,M.,Licklederer,S.,Totzauer,M.& Feuerriegel,S.(2023).Analyzing social media activities at Bellingcat.In Proceedings of the 15th ACM Web Science Conference 2023 (pp.163-173).Austin:ACM.doi:10.1145/3578503.3583604.
- Benjamin,B.(2015).Expert criticizes allegations of Russian MH17 manipulation.Retrieved from https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/expert-criticizes-allegations-of-russian-mh17-manipulation-a-1037125.html
- Cohen,N.S.(2019).At work in the digital newsroom.Digital Journalism,7(5),571-591.doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1419821.
- Galloway,A.R.(2012).The interface effect.Cambridge:Polity.
- Graves,L.(2016).Deciding what's true:The rise of political fact-checking in American journalism.New York:Columbia University Press.
- Graves,L.,Nyhan,B.& Reifler,J.(2016).Understanding innovations in journalistic practice:A field experiment examining motivations for fact-checking.Journal of Communication,66(1),102-138.doi:10.1111/jcom.12198.
- Harding,S.(1991).Whose science?Whose knowledge?:Thinking from women's lives.Ithaca:Cornell University Press.
- Hasell,A.& Weeks,B.E.(2016).Partisan provocation:The role of partisan news use and emotional responses in political information sharing in social media.Human Communication Research,42(4),641-661.doi:10.1111/hcre.12092.
- Hermida,A.(2011).Mechanisms of participation:How audience options shape the conversation.In Singer,J.R.,Hermida,A.,Domingo,D.,Heinonen,A.,Paulussen,S.,Quandt,T.,Reich,Z.& Vujnovic,M.(Eds.),Participatory Journalism:Guarding open Gates at Online Newspapers (pp.11-33).Chichester:Wiley-Blackwell.doi:10.1002/9781444340747.ch2.
- Higgins,E.(2021).We are Bellingcat:An intelligence agency for the people.London:Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Keith,K.(2021).Introducing Birdwatch,a community-based approach to misinformation.Retrieved from https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/pro duct/2021/introducing-birdwatch-a-community-based-approach-to-misinformation
- Lewis,S.C.& Usher,N.(2013).Open source and journalism:Toward new frameworks for imagining news innovation.Media,Culture & Society,35(5),602-619.doi:10.1177/0163443713485494.
- MacDonald,J.B.,Hodgins,G.& Saliba,A.J.(2017).Trauma exposure in journalists:A systematic literature review.Fusion Journal,(11),34-44.
- Mackinnon,A.(2020).Bellingcat can say what U.S.intelligence can't.Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/12/17/bellingcat-can-say-what-u-s-intelli gence-cant/
- Norris,P.(2014).Watchdog journalism.In Bovens,M.,Goodin,R.E.& Schillemans,T.(Eds.),Oxford Handbook of Public Accountability (pp.525-542).Oxford:Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641253.013.0015.
- Nygren,G.& Stigbrand,K.(2014).The formation of a professional identity:Journalism students in different media systems.Journalism Studies,15(6),841-858.doi:10.1080/1461670X.2013.834163.
- Olausson,U.(2017).The reinvented journalist:The discursive construction of professional identity on Twitter.Digital Journalism,5(1),61-81.doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1146082.
- Reuters.(2021).Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/russia-names-bellingcat-investigative-outlet-foreign-agent-2021-10-08/
- Reuters.(2022).Russia bans news outlet Bellingcat,labels it a security threat.Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-bans-news-outlet-bellingcat-labels-it-security-threat-2022-07-15/
- Revers,M.(2014).The twitterization of news making:Transparency and journalistic professionalism.Journal of Communication,64(5),806-826.doi:10.1111/jcom.12111.
- Riera,A.& Zommer,L.(2020).Using fact checking to improve information systems in Argentina.The Political Quarterly,91(3),600-604.doi:10.1111/1467-923X.12895.
- Rose,H.(1983).Hand,brain,and heart:A feminist epistemology for the natural sciences.Signs:Journal of Women in Culture and Society,9(1),73-90.doi:10.1086/494025.
- Russo,T.C.(1998).Organizational and professional identification:A case of newspaper journalists.Management Communication Quarterly,12(1),72-111.doi:10.1177/0893318998121003.
- Sherwood,M.& O'Donnell,P.(2018).Once a journalist,always a journalist?Industry restructure,job loss and professional identity.Journalism Studies,19(7),1021-1038.doi:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1249007.
- Surowiecki,J.(2012).The wisdom of crowds.New York:Anchor Books.
- The Bellingcat MH17 Investigation Team.(2014).MH17:Source of the Separatists' Buk.Retrieved from https://www.bellingcat.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Origin-of-the-Separatists-Buk-A-Bellingcat-Investigation1.pdf
- Waisbord,S.(2013).Reinventing professionalism:Journalism and news in global perspective.Cambridge:Polity.