可信度的博弈:伪健康信息与纠正性信息的信源及其叙事Game of Source Credibility: Source and Source Narrative of Health Misinformation and Corrective Information
吴世文,王一迪,郑夏
摘要(Abstract):
针对网络空间中泛滥的伪健康信息,生产与传播纠正性信息是消解其危害的重要途径。运用内容分析、社会网络分析与文本分析,从可信度的角度研究二者的信源构成与叙事(N=1532)发现:伪健康信息更多地采用了个体网民信源,还有一些信息没有提供明确的信源,但也不乏专业信源与官方信源。纠正性信息较多地使用了专业信源与官方信源,诉诸增强其权威性与可信度,但亦存在无明确信源的情况。伪健康信息在时空上以"遥远的伪装"与"时间的证明"为策略,运用专业信源与官方信源及其不同的组合伪装自己。从信源角度辨识与求证伪健康信息是可行的,而纠正性信息需要重视信源叙事的情感维度。
关键词(KeyWords): 伪健康信息;纠正性信息;信源;可信度;健康传播
基金项目(Foundation): 教育部人文社科重点基地重大项目“互联网传播形态与中西部社会治理”(编号:17JJD860004)的阶段性成果;; 武汉大学自主科研项目(人文社会科学)研究成果;; “中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金”资助
作者(Author): 吴世文,王一迪,郑夏
DOI: 10.16602/j.gmj.20190026
参考文献(References):
- 曹乘瑜(2012年2月28日):权威在哪里?——关于焦点调节和信源选择的研究,获取自http://media.people.com.cn/GB/22114/150608/150617/17243727.html
- 陈仲侨(2011):网络时代的信源陷阱及预防,《新闻实践》,第10期,47-49页。
- 果壳“谣言粉碎机”(2015年1月20日):掌上设备伤眼,没有那么简单,获取自https://www.guokr.com/article/439842/?f=wx&page=2
- 果壳“谣言粉碎机”(2015年5月25日):贝茨疗法,不能帮你改善近视,获取自https://www.guokr.com/article/440295/?from=timeline&page=3
- 梵·迪克(2003):《作为话语的新闻》(曾庆香译),北京:华夏出版社。(原书van Dijk T A.[1988].News as discourse.Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.)
- 好好先生的博客(2016年12月15日):蘑菇到底能不能吃,获取自http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4e46bdfb0102wlur.html
- 黄晓钟、杨效宏、冯钢(2005):《传播学关键术语释读》,成都:四川大学出版社。
- 蒋俏蕾、程杨(2018):第三层次议程设置:萨德事件中媒体与公众的议程网络,《国际新闻界》,第9期,85-100页。
- 卡斯·R.桑斯坦(2010):《谣言》(张楠迪扬译),北京:中信出版社。(原书Sunstein,C.R.[2009].On rumors:How falsehoods spread,why we believe them,and what can be done.Princeton:Princeton University Press.)
- 兰月新(2012):突发事件网络谣言传播规律模型研究,《图书情报工作》,第56卷第14期,57-61页。
- 李杰(2008):新闻信源编码中的冗余特点,《当代传播》,第2期,19-22页。
- 李玉洁(2013):信源、渠道、内容——基于调查的中国公众气候传播策略研究,《国际新闻界》,第8期,67-83页。
- 李元授(1993):论新闻信源,《中国广播电视学刊》,第6期,55-59页。
- 李月琳、张秀、王姗姗(2018):社交媒体健康信息质量研究:基于真伪健康信息特征的分析,《情报学报》,第37卷第3期,294-304页。
- 刘琼(2011):中国网络新闻可信度研究,华中科技大学博士论文。
- 刘双庆、涂光晋(2016):社会网络分析视野下的健康传播,《现代传播》,第38卷第4期,46-50页。
- 刘勇、杜一(2017):《网络数据可视化与分析利器:GEPHI中文教程》,北京:电子工业出版社。
- 曼纽尔·卡斯特(2001):《网络社会的崛起》(夏铸九、王志弘译),北京:社会科学文献出版社。(原书Castells,M.[1996].The rise of the network society.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers.)
- 珀蔺量子能研究院(2017年2月24日):手机党必看手机七宗罪,获取自http://www.sohu.com/a/127156840_617101
- 人民日报“求证”栏目(2013年10月21日):老年人都要吃钙片吗?,获取自http://society.people.com.cn/n/2013/1021/c1008-23266164.html
- 人民网视频频道 (2013年11月13日):“神水”能治艾滋病?专家:全是胡说八道,获取自http://shipin.people.com.cn/n/2013/1113/c85914-23523364.html
- 山东星火(2015年6月8日):服用维生素的七个惊人益处,获取自https://wenku.baidu.com/view/9a27d8cde45c3b3567ec8bca.html2015-06-16
- 宋永鸿、张小青(2013):论信源求证,《新闻前哨》,第1期,32-35页。
- 腾讯科技(2017年12月20日):关注网络谣言治理,腾讯发布《2017腾讯公司谣言治理报告》,获取自http://tech.qq.com/a/20171220/026316.htm
- 王胜源(2015):新媒体背景下伪健康信息的传播与治理——以果壳网“流言百科”证伪的医学健康类信息为例,《科技传播》,第22期,110-112页。
- 文志辉(2003):增强新闻的可信性,《当代传播》,第4期,35页。
- 吴世文(2016):社交媒体中伪健康信息传播研究的问题意识、理论想象与路径方法,《新闻与传播评论》,第1期,39-47页。
- 吴瑛、李莉、宋韵雅(2015):多种声音一个世界:中国与国际媒体互引的社会网络分析,《新闻与传播研究》,第9期,5-21页。
- 徐静(2014年12月11日):微信“三大谣”致癌养生丢小孩,《广州日报》,A9版。
- 闫岩(2016):喧哗与寂灭:中国特别重大事故的媒体呈现(2000—2015),《新闻与传播研究》,第5期,73-97页。
- yan698698 (2017年10月31日):醋蛋液治病的神奇疗法,获取自https://max.book118.com/html/2017/1031/138327871.shtm
- 中塑在线 (2015年4月14日):PVC保鲜膜超九成含有对人体有害的塑化剂DEHA,获取自http://info.21cp.com/industry/News/201504/984366.htm
- Adams,S.A.(2010).Revisiting the online health information reliability debate in the wake of “web 2.0”:An inter-disciplinary literature and website review.International Journal of Medical Informatics,79(6),391-400.doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.01.006
- Berlo,D.K.,Lemert,J.B.& Mertz,R.J.(1969).Dimensions for evaluating the acceptability of message sources.Public Opinion Quarterly,33(4),563-576.doi:10.1086/267745
- Bessi,A.,Coletto,M.,Davidescu,G.A.,Scala,A.,Caldarelli,G.& Quattrociocchi,W.(2015).Science vs conspiracy:Collective narratives in the age of misinformation.PLOS ONE,10(2).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118093
- Bode,L.& Vraga,E.K.(2015).In related news,that was wrong:the correction of misinformation through related stories functionality in social media.Journal of Communication,65(4),619-638.doi:10.1111/jcom.12166
- Chaiken,S.& Maheswaran,D.(1994).Heuristic processing can bias systematic processing:Effects of source credibility,argument ambiguity,and task importance on attitude judgment.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,66(3),460-473.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.3.460
- Chan,M.P.S.,Jones,C.R.,Hall Jamieson,K.& Albarracín,D.(2017).Debunking:A meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation.Psychological Science,28(11),1531-1546.doi:10.1177/0956797617714579
- Clarke,C.E.(2008).A question of balance:The autism-vaccine controversy in the British and American elite press.Science Communication,30(1),77-107.doi:10.1177/1075547008320262
- Cook,J.,Ecker,U.& Lewandowsky,S.(2015).Misinformation and How to Correct It.In Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences (pp.1-17).New York:John Wiley & Sons.Inc.doi:10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0222
- Dixon,G.N.,McKeever,B.W.,Holton,A.E.,Clarke,C.& Eosco,G.(2015).The power of a picture:Overcoming scientific misinformation by communicating weight-of-evidence information with visual exemplars.Journal of Communication,65(4),639-659.doi:10.1111/jcom.12159
- Dominick,J.R.(2013).The dynamics of mass communication:Media in the digital age (12th Ed.).New York:Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
- Eagly,A.H.& Chaiken,S.(1993).The psychology of attitudes.Orlando,FL:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
- Flanagin,A.J.& Metzger,M.J.(2013).Trusting expert- versus user-generated ratings online:The role of information volume,valence,and consumer characteristics.Computers in Human Behavior,29(4),1626-1634.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.001
- Haithcox-Dennis,M.(2018).Reject,correct,redirect:Using web annotation to combat fake health information:A commentary.American Journal of Health Education,49(4),206-209.doi:10.1080/19325037.2018.1465866
- Hovland,C.I.,Janis,I.L.& Kelley,H.H.(1953).Communication and persuasion.New Haven,CT:Yale University Press.
- Hovland,C.I.& Weiss,W.(1951).The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness.Public Opinion Quarterly,15(4),635-650.doi:10.1086/266350
- Jolley,D.& Douglas,K.M.(2014).The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions.PloS One,9(2),e89177.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089177
- Jung,E.H.,Walsh-Childers,K.& Kim,H.S.(2016).Factors influencing the perceivedcredibility of diet-nutrition information web sites.Computers in Human Behavior,58,37-47.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.044
- Kiely,E.& Robertson,L.(November 18,2016).How to spot fake news.FactCheck.Org.Retrieved from http://www.factcheck.org/2016/11/how-to-spot-fake-news/
- Knobloch-Westerwick,S.& Johnson,B.K.(2014).Selective exposure for better or worse:Its mediating role for online news’ impact on political participation.Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication,19(2),184-196.doi:10.1111/jcc4.12036
- Larson,H.J.,Cooper,L.Z.,Eskola,J.,Katz,S.L.& Ratzan,S.(2011).Addressing the vaccine confidence gap.The Lancet,378(9790),526-535.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60678-8
- Lewandowsky,S.,Ecker,U.K.H.,Seifert,C.M.,Schwarz,N.& Cook,J.(2012).Misinformation and its correction:Continued influence and successful debiasing.Psychological Science in the Public Interest,13(3),106-131.doi:10.1177/1529100612451018
- Martinez,L.S.,Hughes,S.,Walsh-Buhi,E.R.& Tsou,M.H.(2018).“Okay,We Get It.You Vape”:An analysis of geocoded content,context,and sentiment regarding e-cigarettes on Twitter.Journal of Health Communication,23(6),550-562.doi:10.1080/10810730.2018.1493057
- Marsh,E.J.& Yang,B.W.(2018).Believing things that are not true:A cognitive science perspective on misinformation.In Southwell,B.G.,Thorson,E.A.& Sheble,L.(Eds.),Misinformation and Mass Audiences (pp.15-34).Austin:University of Texas Press.
- McCroskey,J.C.(1966).Scales for the measurement of ethos.Speech Monographs,33(1),65-72.doi:10.1080/03637756609375482
- McGinnies,E.& Ward,C.D.(1980).Better liked than right:Trustworthiness and expertise as factors in credibility.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,6(3),467-472.doi:10.1177/014616728063023
- Metzger,M.J.,Flanagin,A.J.& Medders,R.B.(2010).Social and heuristic approaches to credibility evaluation online.Journal of Communication,60(3),413-439.doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01488.x
- Moran,M.B.,Lucas,M.,Everhart,K.,Morgan,A.& Prickett,E.(2016).What makes anti-vaccine websites persuasive?A content analysis of techniques used by anti-vaccine websites to engender anti-vaccine sentiment.Journal of Communication in Healthcare,9(3),151-163.doi:10.1080/17538068.2016.1235531
- Nielsen,R.K.& Graves,L.(October,2017).News you don’t believe:Audience perspectives on fake news.Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism,Oxford.
- Ohanian,R.(1990).Construction and validation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers’ perceived expertise,trustworthiness,and attractiveness.Journal of Advertising,19(3),39-52.doi:10.1080/00913367.1990.10673191
- Radzikowski,J.,Stefanidis,A.,Jacobsen,K.H.,Croitoru,A.,Crooks,A.& Delamater,P.L.(2016).The measles vaccination narrative in Twitter:A quantitative analysis.JMIR Public Health and Surveillance,2(1),e1.doi:10.2196/publichealth.5059
- Shao,C.,Ciampaglia,G.L.,Flammini,A.& Menczer,F.(April,2016).Hoaxy:A platform for tracking online misinformation.In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web (pp.745-750).Montréal,Québec,Canada:International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee.doi:10.1145/2872518.2890098
- Slater,M.D.& Rouner,D.(1996).How message evaluation and source attributes may influence credibility assessment and belief change.Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly,73(4),974-991.doi:10.1177/107769909607300415
- Tan,A.S.L.,Lee,C.J.& Chae,J.(2015).Exposure to health (mis) information:Lagged effects on young adults’ health behaviors and potential pathways.Journal of Communication,65(4),674-698.doi:10.1111/jcom.12163
- Thomas,J.,Peterson,G.M.,Walker,E.,Christenson,J.K.,Cowley,M.,Kosari,S.,Baby.E.K.& Naunton,M.(2018).Fake news:Medicines misinformation by the media.Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics,104(6),1059-1061.doi:10.1002/cpt.1199
- Uskul,A.K.,Sherman,D.K.& Fitzgibbon,J.(2009).The cultural congruency effect:Culture,regulatory focus,and the effectiveness of gain- vs.loss-framed health messages.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(3),535-541.doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.005
- Vraga,E.(2017).Expert organizations can be effective in correcting health misinformation on social media.USApp-American Politics and Policy Blog.Retrieved from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/85435/1/usappblog-2017-10-26-expert-organizations-can-be-effective-in.pdf
- Vraga,E.K.& Bode,L.(2017).Using expert sources to correct health misinformation in social media.Science Communication,39(5),621-645.doi:10.1177/1075547017731776