自媒体时代恐怖组织的信息传播、组织结构变化The Transformation of Communication and Organizational Structure of Terrorist Organization in the We Media Era
陈宪奎,刘玉书
摘要(Abstract)：
在自媒体时代,恐怖组织采取病毒式传播方式,在公共自媒体平台形成二次传播和多次传播,以每一个"键盘圣战分子"为传播基本单元,通过不断建立新的群,传播力呈现几何级数增加。与此同时,恐怖组织的组织结构和恐怖袭击方式也发生新的变化。恐怖袭击的形式由原先"攻城掠地"、建立恐怖组织大本营"非国家行为体",变为煽动发动大量"独狼"袭击。"独狼"袭击已经成为目前和今后恐怖袭击的重要方式,给世界各国反恐斗争带来了巨大的挑战。
关键词(KeyWords)： 恐怖主义;自媒体;网络恐怖组织;结构变化;“独狼”袭击
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 陈宪奎,刘玉书
DOI: 10.16602/j.gmj.20160044
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- (1)丹·吉尔默,美国技术作家和专栏作家,现任亚利桑那州立大学的沃尔特·克朗凯特新闻与大众传播学院奈特数字媒体创业中心主任、哈佛大学伯克曼互联网与社会中心副教授。我们于2014年10月就自媒体概念问题对他进行了电话采访,他表示这一概念不是他首先提出来的。在他的采访和我们所作的文献分析中,也没有清晰的证据表明谁是第一个自媒体概念的提出者。丹·吉尔默的著作《We the Media:Grassroots Journalism by the People,for the People》(2004;O'Reilly Media),对自媒体问题进行了专门的论述。该书纸质版于2006年正式出版,已被翻译成多种语言。中文版目前只有台湾版本,名为《草根媒体:部落传奇》译者和出版公司不详。本解释参考了吉尔默在哈佛大学官网的简历,获取自http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/dgillmor
- (2)原文:“We commissioned We Media as a way to begin to understand how ordinary citizens,empowered by digital technologies that connect knowledge throughout the globe,are contribution to and participating in their own truths,their own kind of news.”Dan Gillmor(February,2003).Here Comes We Media.Columbia Journalism Review.Retrieved from http://www.cjr.org/year/03/1/gillmor.asp
- (3)部分参考了全国人大官方网站(2011年12月30日):关于《关于加强反恐怖工作有关问题的决定(草案)》的说明,获取自http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/gongbao/2011-12/30/content_1686391.htm
- (4)楚苏利,旅英摩洛哥人,因通过互联网新媒体鼓励其他伊斯兰教徒杀死“异教徒”或非伊斯兰教徒被判英国法庭判入狱10年。
- (5)部分参考了维基百科对安瓦尔·奥拉基的介绍(2015年7月6日),获取自https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki
- (6)数据由美国密歇根大学刑事司法学院凯恩教授协助提供。
- (7)表3中的“独狼”式恐怖主义罪犯样本,共计65个。包含了在具体犯罪准备、犯罪实施过程中无其他人协助,但其通过互联网等非物理接触途径与某一恐怖组织团伙产生过联系,这种与某一恐怖组织产生过虚拟联系的“独狼”式恐怖主义罪犯,在此表中我们也视为是“独狼”的一种。
- (8)表4中团伙式样本中有部分样本无策划周期记录,未列入统计表中。
- (9)表6中团伙式样本为有抓捕周期记录的人数。