缑赫

• 1:西安交通大学新闻与新媒体学院

摘要(Abstract)：

本研究通过对我国6个省级地区8所农村幼儿园1182名家长的问卷调查，探索农村学前儿童数字媒介使用行为、家长干预方式与儿童社会情感发展的关系。研究发现，27.2%的农村学前儿童存在社会情感发展迟缓的风险，留守儿童存在风险的概率更高。学前儿童数字媒介使用时间及内容与其社会情感发展迟缓无关，但家长的共同使用水平越高，儿童存在该风险的概率越低。家长社会经济地位在限制型干预与儿童社会情感发展迟缓中起负向调节作用。因此，一方面应通过鼓励家长的共同使用降低学前儿童社会情感发展迟缓的风险；另一方面，有必要优先对低社会经济地位的农村家庭提供专业的媒介指导。

关键词(KeyWords)： 数字媒介;农村;学前儿童;社会情感发展;家长干预

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 陕西省社会科学基金年度项目“家庭媒介生态视角下智能媒体对学前儿童社会情感发展的影响研究”(项目编号：2024P175)的阶段性研究成果

作者(Author): 缑赫

参考文献(References)：

• 卞晓燕、Squires,J.、卢红梅、易燕、王国文、许汝钗、宋魏、张晶(2021):年龄与发育进程问卷：社会-情绪(第2版)的中国常模及信度研究，《中国儿童保健杂志》,第29卷第1期，23-27,51页。 陈青文(2019):新媒体儿童与忧虑的父母——上海儿童的新媒体使用与家长介入访谈报告，《新闻记者》,第8期，15-25页。 高宏钰、崔雨芳、房阳洋(2022):家长媒介干预与儿童早期发展结果的关系研究，《教育学报》,第18卷第1期，113-125页。 黄忠敬(2020):社会与情感能力：影响成功与幸福的关键因素，《全球教育展望》,第49卷第6期，102-112页。 李岚溪、李珊珊、岳爱、罗仁福、史耀疆(2018):陕西省南部贫困地区农村家庭养育环境与婴幼儿社会情绪发展现状相关性分析，《中国妇幼保健》,第33卷第13期，3052-3055页。 李娟、黄鼎文、赵雅男、杨婷婷、朱晶晶、李燕(2023):3～6岁儿童社会—情绪能力的发展现状与特点——以上海市7所幼儿园为例，《学前教育研究》,第6期，53-69页。 李敏谊、王诗棋、张祎(2022):屏幕到底是敌是友——屏幕时间对学前儿童早期读写能力的影响以及教育类屏幕活动的调节作用，《教育学报》,第18卷第1期，87-98页。 李汪洋、柳皑然(2022):屏幕暴露的数量与质量之辩——屏幕暴露与学前儿童非认知能力的关系，《教育学报》,第18卷第1期，99-112页。 李晓静(2019):数字鸿沟的新变：多元使用、内在动机与数字技能——基于豫沪学龄儿童的田野调查，《现代传播》,第41卷第8期，12-19页。 刘王平、郑欣(2022):手机争夺战：智能设备监管与农村留守家庭秩序研究，《新闻记者》,第8期，84-96页。 罗静、王薇、高文斌(2009):中国留守儿童研究述评，《心理科学进展》,第17卷第5期，990-995页。 齐亚菲、莫书亮(2016):父母对儿童青少年媒介使用的积极干预，《心理科学进展》,第24卷第8期，1290-1299页。 谭深(2011):中国农村留守儿童研究述评，《中国社会科学》,第1期，138-150页。 王静、何守森、王慧、关春荣、袁强、袁春香、黄晓玲、安祥美、周亚平(2013):幼儿社会情绪发展影响因素的研究，《中国儿童保健杂志》,第21卷第12期，1250-1253页。 谢雪玲(2016):小班幼儿情绪与行为问题调查研究报告，《新课程·上旬》,第11期，4页。 杨晓辉、王腊梅、朱莉琪(2014):电子媒体的使用与儿童发展——基于生态科技微系统理论的视角，《心理科学》,第37卷第4期，920-924页。 杨晓辉、王振宏、朱莉琪(2016):促进低龄儿童发展的电子媒体使用，《学前教育研究》,第11期，24-37页。 曾秀芹、柳莹、邓雪梅(2020):数字时代的父母媒介干预——研究综述与展望，《新闻记者》,第5期，60-73页。 赵蓓(2011):幼儿情绪社会性发展问题的研究进展，《中国儿童保健杂志》,第19卷第12期，1107-1109,1156页。 赵寓藏、吴旭龙、杨菁菁、李榴柏(2019):北京市学龄前儿童视屏时间现状及影响因素分析，《中国学校卫生》,第40卷第3期，344-346页。 郑春风(2022):乡村家庭、儿童手机实践与父母媒介干预困境——基于GH乡的民族志考察，《新闻记者》,第2期，71-82页。 American Academy of Pediatrics and National Healthy Start Association.(2011).The social-emotional development of young children:Resource guide for healthy start staff.Retrieved from https://www.nationalhealthystart.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/NHSA_SocialEmotional_1.pdf Anderson,D.R.& Subrahmanyam,K.(2017).Digital screen media and cognitive development.Pediatrics,140(S2),S57-S61.doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1758C. Birch,S.H.& Ladd,G.W.(1998).Children's interpersonal behaviors and the teacher-child relationship.Developmental Psychology,34(5),934-946.doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.934. Briggs-Gowan,M.J.,Carter,A.S.,Skuban,E.M.& Horwitz,S.M.(2001).Prevalence of social-emotional and behavioral problems in a community sample of 1- and 2-year-old children.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,40(7),811-819.doi:10.1097/00004583-200107000-00016. Bronfenbrenner,U.(1979).The ecology of human development:Experiments by nature and design.Cambridge:Harvard University Press. Bustamante,J.C.,Fernández-Castilla,B.& Alcaraz-Iborra,M.(2023).Relation between executive functions and screen time exposure in under 6 year-olds:A meta-analysis.Computers in Human Behavior,145,107739.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107739. Chaudron,S.(2015).Young children (0-8) and digital technology:A qualitative exploratory study across seven countries.Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union. Clark,L.S.(2011).Parental mediation theory for the digital age.Communication Theory,21(4),323-343.doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01391.x. Common Sense Media.(2020).Zero to eight:Children's media use in America 2020.Retrieved from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/2020_zero_to_eight_census_final_web.pdf Connell,S.L.,Lauricella,A.R.& Wartella,E.(2015).Parental co-use of media technology with their young children in the USA.Journal of Children and Media,9(1):5-21.doi:10.1080/17482798.2015.997440. Denham,S.A.(2006).Social-emotional competence as support for school readiness:What is it and how do we assess it?.Early Education and Development,17(1),57-89.doi:10.1207/s15566935eed1701_4. Denham,S.A.,Wyatt,T.M.,Bassett,H.H.,Echeverria,D.& Knox,S.S.(2009).Assessing social-emotional development in children from a longitudinal perspective.Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health,63(S1):i37-i52.doi:10.1136/jech.2007.070797. Eisenberg,N.,Fabes,R.A.,Shepard,S.A.,Murphy,B.C.,Jones,S.& Guthrie,I.K.(1998).Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children's sympathy from dispositional regulation and emotionality.Developmental Psychology,34(5),910-924.doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.910. Fetler,M.(1984).Television viewing and school achievement.Journal of Communication,34(2),104-118.doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02163.x. Fisch,S.M.,Akerman,A.,Morgenlander,M.,McCann Brown,S.K.,Fisch,S.R.D.,Schwartz,B.B.& Tobin,P.(2008).Coviewing preschool television in the US:Eliciting parent-child interaction via onscreen prompts.Journal of Children and Media,2(2),163-173.doi:10.1080/17482790802078680. Glatz,T.,Crowe,E.& Buchanan,C.M.(2018).Internet-specific parental self-efficacy:Developmental differences and links to Internet-specific mediation.Computers in Human Behavior,84,8-17.doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.014. Gou,H.& Dezuanni,M.(2018).Towards understanding young children's digital lives in China and Australia.Comunicar,26(57),81-90.doi:10.3916/c57-2018-08. Gou,H.& Perceval,G.(2023).Does digital media use increase risk of social-emotional delay for Chinese preschoolers?.Journal of Children and Media,17(1),1-16.doi:10.1080/17482798.2022.2118141. Gou,H.& Yang,Y.L.(2024).The relationship between video games and social-emotional delay in Chinese rural preschoolers:A comparison of five types of media.Child:Care,Health and Development,50(4),e13288.doi:10.1111/cch.13288. Heckman,J.J.,Stixrud,J.& Urzua,S.(2006).The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior.Journal of Labor Economics,24(3),411-482.doi:10.1086/504455. Heo,K.& Squires,J.(2012).Cultural adaptation of a parent completed social emotional screening instrument for young children:Ages and stages questionnaire-social emotional.Early Human Development,88(3),151-158.doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.07.019. Hill,D.,Ameenuddin,N.,Reid Chassiakos,Y.,Cross,C.,Hutchinson,J.,Levine,A.,… & Swanson,W.S.(2016).Media and young minds.Pediatrics,138(5).e20162591.doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2591. Hinkley,T.,Timperio,A.,Salmon,J.& Hesketh,K.(2017).Does preschool physical activity and electronic media use predict later social and emotional skills at 6 to 8 years?A cohort study.Journal of Physical Activity and Health,14(4),308-316.doi:10.1123/jpah.2015-0700. Holloway,D.,Green,L.& Livingstone,S.(2013).Zero to eight:Young children and their internet use.London:EU Kids. Johnson,G.& Puplampu,K.(2008).Internet use during childhood and the ecological techno-subsystem.Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology,34(1),19-28.doi:10.21432/T2CP4T Johnson,G.(2010).Internet use and child development:The techno-microsystem.Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology,10,32-43. Koivula,M.,Huttunen,K.,Mustola,M.,Lipponen,S.& Laakso,M.L.(2017).The Emotion detectives game:Supporting the social-emotional competence of young children.In Ma,M.H.& Oikonomou,A.(Eds.),Serious Games and Edutainment Applications (pp.29-53).Cham:Springer.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51645-5_2. Koot,H.M.& Verhulst,F.C.(1991).Prevalence of problem behavior in Dutch children aged 2-3.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,83(s367),1-37.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb10574.x. Lavigne,J.V.,Gibbons,R.D.,Christoffel,K.K.,Arend,R.,Rosenbaum,D.,Binns,H.,Dawson,N.,Sobel,H.& Isaacs,C.(1996).Prevalence rates and correlates of psychiatric disorders among preschool children.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,35(2),204-214.doi:10.1097/00004583-199602000-00014. Livingstone,S.,Mascheroni,G.,Dreier,M.,Chaudron,S.& Lagae,K.(2015).How parents of young children manage digital devices at home:The role of income,education and parental style.London:EU Kids. Malti,T.& Noam,G.G.(2016).Social-emotional development:From theory to practice.European Journal of Developmental Psychology,13(6),652-665.doi:10.1080/17405629.2016.1196178. McClure,E.R.,Chentsova-Dutton,Y.E.,Barr,R.F.,Holochwost,S.J.& Parrott,W.G.(2015).“Facetime doesn't count”:Video chat as an exception to media restrictions for infants and toddlers.International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction,6,1-6.doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2016.02.002. Moffitt,T.E.,Arseneault,L.,Belsky,D.,Dickson,N.,Hancox,R.J.,Harrington,H.,Houts,R.,Poulton,R.,Roberts,B.W.,Ross,S.,Sears,M.R.,Thomson,W.M.& Caspi,A.(2011).A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health,wealth,and public safety.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,108(7),2693-2698.doi:10.1073/pnas.1010076108. Morris,A.S.,Silk,J.S.,Steinberg,L.,Myers,S.S.& Robinson,L.R.(2007).The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation.Social Development,16(2),361-388.doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x. Nathanson,A.I.(1999).Identifying and explaining the relationship between parental mediation and children's aggression.Communication Research,26(2),124-143.doi:10.1177/009365099026002002. Ostrov,J.M.,Gentile,D.A.& Mullins,A.D.(2013).Evaluating the effect of educational media exposure on aggression in early childhood.Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology,34(1),38-44.doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2012.09.005. Padilla-Walker,L.M.,Coyne,S.M.& Fraser,A.M.(2012).Getting a high-speed family connection:Associations between family media use and family connection.Family Relations,61(3),426-440.doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00710.x. Radesky,J.S.& Christakis,D.A.(2016).Increased screen time:Implications for early childhood development and behavior.Pediatric Clinics of North America,63(5),827-839.doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2016.06.006. Radesky,J.S.,Silverstein,M.,Zuckerman,B.& Christakis,D.A.(2014).Infant self-regulation and early childhood media exposure.Pediatrics,133(5),e1172-e1178.doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2367. Raman,S.,Guerrero-Duby,S.,Mccullough,J.L.,Brown,M.,Ostrowski-Delahanty,S.,Langkamp,D.& Duby,J.C.(2017).Screen exposure during daily routines and a young child's risk for having social-emotional delay.Clinical Pediatrics,56(13),1244-1253.doi:10.1177/0009922816684600. Rasmussen,E.E.,Shafer,A.,Colwell,M.J.,White,S.,Punyanunt-Carter,N.,Densley,R.L.& Wright,H.(2016).Relation between active mediation,exposure to Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood,and US preschoolers' social and emotional development.Journal of Children and Media,10(4),443-461.doi:10.1080/17482798.2016.1203806. Reid Chassiakos,Y.,Radesky,J.,Christakis,D.,Moreno,M.A.,Cross,C.,Hill,D.,Ameenuddin,N.,Hutchinson,J.,Levine,A.,Boyd,R.,Mendelson,R.& Swanson,W.S.(2016).Children and adolescents and digital media.Pediatrics,138(5),e20162593.doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2593. Ren,W.,Zhu,X.W.& Yang,J.H.(2022).The SES-based difference of adolescents' digital skills and usages:An explanation from family cultural capital.Computers & Education,177,104382.doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104382. Richert,R.A.& Smith,E.I.(2011).Preschoolers' quarantining of fantasy stories.Child Development,82(4),1106-1119.doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01603.x. Salomon,G.(1977).Effects of encouraging Israeli mothers to co-observe “Sesame Street” with their five-year-olds.Child Development,48(3),1146-1151.doi:10.2307/1128378. Shin,W.(2018).Empowered parents:The role of self-efficacy in parental mediation of children's smartphone use in the United States.Journal of Children and Media,12(4),465-477.doi:10.1080/17482798.2018.1486331. Skalická,V.,Wold Hygen,B.,Stenseng,F.,K?rstad,S.B.and Wichstr?m,L.(2019).Screen time and the development of emotion understanding from age 4 to age 8:A community study.British Journal of Developmental Psychology,37(3),427-443.doi:10.1111/bjdp.12283. Squires,J.,Bricker,D.& Twombly,E.(2015).ASQ:SE-2 user's guide (2nd ed.).Baltimore:Paul H.Brookes Publishing. Subrahmanyam,K.& Greenfield,P.(2012).Digital media and youth:Games,Internet,and development.In Singer,D.G.,Singer,J.L.(Eds.),Handbook of Children and the Media (2nd ed.,pp.75-96).Thousand Oaks:Sage. Tomopoulos,S.,Dreyer,B.P.,Valdez,P.,Flynn,V.,Foley,G.,Berkule,S.B.& Mendelsohn,A.L.(2007).Media content and externalizing behaviors in Latino toddlers.Ambulatory Pediatrics,7(3),232-238.doi:10.1016/j.ambp.2007.02.004. Trentacosta,C.J.& Fine,S.E.(2010).Emotion knowledge,social competence,and behavior problems in childhood and adolescence:A meta-analytic review.Social Development,19(1),1-29.doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00543.x. Valkenburg,P.M.,Krcmar,M.,Peeters,A.L.& Marseille,N.M.(1999).Developing a scale to assess three styles of television mediation:“Instructive mediation,”“restrictive mediation,” and “social coviewing”.Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,43(1),52-66.doi:10.1080/0883815 9909364474. Wan,M.W.,Fitch-Bunce,C.,Heron,K.& Lester,E.(2021).Infant screen media usage and social-emotional functioning.Infant Behavior and Development,62,101509.doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101509. Wang,G.,Zhao,J.& Shadbolt,N.(2019).What concerns do Chinese parents have about their children's digital adoption and how to better support them?Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1906.11123 Wang,Q.,Zheng,X.& Zhang,S.(2025).Digital compensation:Smartphone use in the emotion socialisation of left-behind children in rural China.New Media & Society,27(4),2434-2454.10.1177/14614448231213954 Yuen,A.H.,Park,J.,Chen,L.& Cheng,M.T.(2016).The significance of cultural capital and parental mediation for digital inequity.New Media & Society,20(2),599-617.doi:10.1177/1461444816667084.
• ① 数据来源为国家统计局《中国统计年鉴(2016)》,采用较早的数据是为了与前期城市儿童研究保持一致，便于对比，原因下同。 ② 数据来源为教育部财务司《中国教育经费统计年鉴(2015)》。 ③ 数据来源为教育部2015年教育统计数据。 ④ 实际患病而被准确判断为患病的百分比。 ⑤ 实际无病而被准确判断为无病的百分比。